Term
| What are the Facts About Specific Phobia? |
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Definition
Gender Difference
Females 2x, males x
Co-Morbidity
Nearly two-thirds Of People With Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia Also Have A Specific Phobia(Easily Conditioned, Low GABA Folks) |
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Term
Biological Preparedness Theory
(3) |
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Definition
1.) Fear (Avoidance) Of Dangerous Situations Is An Evolutionary Advantages
2.)Humans Are Neurological wired To Learn Fear Readily Because It Is Adaptive To Avoid Events/Objects That threaten our existence (e.g., Large Animals, Fire)
3.)As A Consequence, We Also Readily Acquire Fear Of Benign Events/Objects |
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Term
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Definition
Structure In The Limbic System
Key Role In Fear Learning
Specific Phobia May Result From Events That Caused
Substantial Stimulation of the Amygdala |
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Term
| Where is the amygdala located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What may happen if someone substantially stimulates your amygdala? |
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Definition
| Specific Phobia May Result |
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Term
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Definition
Ivan pavlov And Salivating Dogs (Appetitive Conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (Bell + Meat Powder) -> Unconditioned Response (Dog Salivates)
Conditioned Stimulus (Bell only) -> Conditioned Response (Dog Salivates |
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Term
| Aversive Conditioning example |
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Definition
John Watson And Little Albert
Unconditioned Stimulus (Stuffed Animal + Sudden, Loud Noise) -> Unconditioned Response (Anxiety)
Conditioned Stimulus (Stuffed Animal Only) -> Conditioned Response (Anxiety) |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitions Cause Anxiety
Persons With Specific Phobia
Misinterpret Benign Events
Magnify Mildly Threatening Events |
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Term
| Treatment Of Specific Phobia: Flooding explain the 2 types |
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Definition
(exposure)Classic (Intensive) Flooding
Immediate and Complete To The Feared Object Or Situation
Person Is Placed In The Feared Situation Or With The Feared Objects
Graduated Flooding
Exposure In Graduated Steps
Progressing To Most Aversive Event |
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Term
| Treatment Of Specific Phobia: Cognitive Restructuring |
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Definition
Identify And Modify Anxiety-Producing Cognitions
Client Learns To Rationally Challenge Anxiety-Producing Cognitions As They Occur (“This Is An Exagerration, This Fear Is Not Necessary”) While In The Feared Situation Or Near The Feared Stimulus |
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Term
| Treatment Of Specific Phobia:Thought Stopping |
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Definition
Therapist Yells “Stop!” When Anxiety-Producing Thoughts Occur
Client Yells “stop!” When Anxiety-Producing Thoughts Occur (Homework)
Client Learns To Yell “stop!” In his/her Head |
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Term
| Treatment Of Specific Phobia:Stress Inoculation |
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Definition
| Client Makes Positive, Brief Self-Statements While Confronting The Stimulus (e.g., “I can cope, I’m Calm,” “I can do it”) |
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Term
| Treatment Of Specific Phobia: Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
Objective: Minimize Anxiety In The Presence Of the Feared objects
Steps
Train Relaxation & Create Hierarchy
Relaxation At Each Level In The Hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Marked fear In Social Situations, Especially Situations Involving Unfamiliar people Or Evaluation
2. The Social Situation Invariably provokes Anxiety
3. The Person Recognizes That The Fear Is Unreasonable (adults Only)
4. Current Dysfunction
5. Duration: At least 6 mont |
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Term
| What are the four Types Of Social Phobia? |
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Definition
Axis I: Social Phobia, Public Speaking Type
Axis I: Social Phobia, Public Eating type
Axis I: Social Phobia, Public Writing Type
Axis I: Social Phobia, Generalized type
Anxiety Regarding Multiple Social Situations (e.g., Cocktail Parties, Public Speaking, Public Writing |
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Term
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Definition
Lifetime Prevalence Of Social Phobia
With Severe Sxs: 3% of Adults
With Nonsevere Sxs: 8.5% - 13% of Adults
Social Phobia Is Slightly More Frequent In Females
Almost Everyone Hates Public Speaking |
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Term
| What is the Lifetime Prevalence Of Social Phobia? |
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Definition
With Severe Sxs: 3% of Adults
With Nonsevere Sxs: 8.5% - 13% of Adults |
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Term
| Psychological Factors of Social Phobia (2) |
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Definition
Classical Conditioning
Aversive Experiences In Social situations
Criticism-Related Cognitions
Magnify Mild Signs Of Criticism
Perceive Benign Social Cues As Signs Of Criticism |
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Term
| What are the medications used to treat Social Phobia? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy used in the treatment of Social Phobia? |
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Definition
Cognitive Restructuring
Identify And Modify Cognitions That Cause Social Anxiety
Social Skills training |
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Term
| What are teh four Treatments of Social Phobia? |
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Definition
1.Medications
2.Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
3.Flooding
4.Systematic Desensitization |
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Term
| What are the four Treatments of Social Phobia? |
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Definition
1.Medications
2.Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
3.Flooding
4.Systematic Desensitization |
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Term
| What is the Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? (5) |
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Definition
1.Excessive Anxiety And Worry On The Majority Of Days For At Least Six Months
2.The Anxiety Involves Varied Aspects Of One’s Life
3.The Anxiety Or Related Physical Symptoms Cause Distress Or Dysfunction
4.The Person Has Difficulty Controlling Their Worry
5.The Anxiety And Worry Are Manifest |
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Term
| The Anxiety And Worry Are Manifest In (GAD)In At least 3 of the Following 6 symptoms |
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Definition
1.Restlessness
2.Easily Fatigued
3.Difficulty Concentrating
4.Irritability
5.Muscle Tension
6.Sleep Disturbance (difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep) |
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Term
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Definition
Lifetime Prevalence: 5% of Adults Americans
More Common In Women
Associated Factors
Hx Of Prior Marriage (e.g., Divorced Or Widowed) (have a higher tendency to have GAD)
Regional: More Common In The Northeast US
Homemaker (higher rate of GAD)
Series Of Negative Life Events. |
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Term
| What are the four associated factors in GAD? |
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Definition
Hx Of Prior Marriage (e.g., Divorced Or Widowed) (have a higher tendency to have GAD)
Regional: More Common In The Northeast US
Homemaker (higher rate of GAD)
Series Of Negative Life Events |
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Term
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Definition
Incidence
Far Less Frequent In Children
Content Of Worries
Most Children With GAD Worry Unrealistically About Their Athletic and Scholastic Performance
A Minority Of Children With GAD Worry About How Natural Disasters Or Nuclear War May Affect Them Or Their Parents (THIS IS RARE) |
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Term
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Definition
GAD Patients Often Have Other Psychiatric Disorders ( they often have other anxiety disorders)
Dysthymic Disorder Is The Most Common Comorbid Diagnosis Of GAD Patients |
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Term
| Biological Factors of GAD |
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Definition
Insufficient GABA Activity In GAD Patients
GABA Is An inhibitory Neurotransmitters - Low GABA that some people just have the gene for it. |
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Term
| Psychological Factors of GAD |
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Definition
Anxiety-Producing Thoughts Often Involve Magnification Or Catastrophizing (cognitions, emotions, behavioral)
Cycle Of Dysfunction |
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Term
| What are the medications used in the treatment of GAD? |
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Definition
SSRI Antidepressants
Benzodiazapines |
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Term
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Definition
1.Medications
2.Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy
3.Relaxation Training (Diaphragmatic Breathing, Progressive Muscle Relaxation)(PMR)
Increases Efficacy for Anxiety Control |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Obsessions (4) |
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Definition
Obsessions
Persistent Thoughts, Impulses, Or Images
Produce Significant Anxiety
Experienced By The Individual As Intrusive And Inappropriate
The Obsession Is Not Simply Excessive Worry About Real Problems
Person Attempts To Ignore or Replace The Obsessive Thoughts With Another Thought or Action
Person Realizes That The Obsessive Thinking Arises From His/Her Own Disturbed thought Processes |
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Term
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Definition
A Student Has Impulses To Shout Out Dirty Words During Class
A Young Man Experiences Mental Images Of Cars Running Him Down On The Sidewalk
A Mother Is Tormented By Thoughts That She Might Inadvertently Contaminate The Dinners She Cooks For Her Family |
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Term
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Definition
A Repetitive Behavior Or Mental Act That The Person Is Driven To Perform In Response To An Obsession Or According to a rigid set of rules
The Purpose Of The Behavioral Or Mental Act Is To Prevent or Reduce Anxiety Or The Probability Of A Dreaded Event
The Behavior Or Mental Act Is Clearly Excessive or not realistically Connected To What It Is Intended To Neutralize |
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Term
| Examples of Compulsion in OCD Related To The Obsession Examples |
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Definition
The Student With The Urge To Shout Dirty Words In Class May Be Compelled To Twirl His Pen Exactly Three Times, Count To Three, Twirl Three Times, Count To Three, ..And So On
The Young Man Who Constantly Experiences Mental Images Of Cars Running Him Down On The Sidewalk May Need To Step On Every Third Crack He Sees On The Sidewalk
The Mother Who Is Tormented By Thoughts That She Might Inadvertently Contaminate The Dinners She Cooks For Her Family May Need To Wash Her Hands Thirty Or Forty Times In The Course Of Cooking A Meal |
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Term
| Classic Examples Of Compulsions |
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Definition
Hand Washing To Reduce Images Or Thoughts Of Contamination
Checking All The Locks In The House Ten Times Before Going To Bed To Reduced Fears That Someone Will Have Access To You
Counting The number of letters in each sentence |
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Term
| Diagnostic Criteria For OCD |
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Definition
Obsessions and/or Compulsions
At Some Point, The Person With OCD Realizes That The Obsessions And/Or Compulsions Are Excessive (Adults Only)
The Obsessions Or Compulsions
Cause Marked Distress
Or
Consume More Than One hour Per Day
Or
Cause Social or Occupational Dysfunction |
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Term
| What is the Lifetime Prevalence Of OCD? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is OCD more common in? |
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Definition
| OCD Is More Common in Women |
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Term
| What is the onset of OCD? |
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Definition
| OCD Generally Begins By Early adulthood |
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Term
| Onset X Gender Interaction in OCD |
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Definition
Early Onset (Onset In Childhood Or Adolescence) Is More common in Males
Later (Adult) Onset Is More common in Females |
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Term
| Do children who have compulsive behaviors retain them through adulthood? |
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Definition
| No. Many Children Who Exhibit Compulsive Behaviors Do Not Retain Them Into Adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| Often Comorbid With Mood Disorders And Other Anxiety Disorders, Especially Panic Disorder And Specific Phobia |
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Term
| Brain Structures as they relate to OCD |
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Definition
Obsessions (Thoughts)
Possibly From Increased Activation In The Frontal Lobes
Compulsions (Motor)
Possibly From Increased Activation In The Basal Ganglia. (the area that comes functional to people who develop Parkinson's Syndrome) |
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Term
| Genetics as they relate to OCD |
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Definition
10% Prevalence In First Degree Relatives Of OCD Pts
1-2% Prevalence In The General Population |
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Term
| What's wrong with the neurotransmitters in an individual with OCD? |
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Definition
Reduced Levels Of Serotonin, Dopamine, Or Acetylcholine
Little Empirical Support |
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Term
| Two Factor Theory (Good science) |
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Definition
1.Classical Conditioning
Aversive Experience Causes Lasting Anxiety And Obsession
Physical, Sexual, Emotional Abuse
2.Operant Conditioning (to seeing behavior as a function of what comes before it and what comes after it)
Negative Reinforcement (When you take something away and that leads to an increase of the behavior)
The Compulsive Behavior Is Reinforced (Perpetuated) By Its Ability To Reduce Anxiety |
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Term
| What medications are used in the Treatment Of OCD and why? |
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Definition
SSRI Antidepressants (e.g., Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil)
Reduce Obsessions By Increasing Serotonin Activity
Therapeutic Dosage Is Typically Higher Than That Required |
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Term
| What behavior therapies are used in the treatment of OCD? |
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Definition
Thought Stopping
Exposure With response Prevention
Exposure Therapy + Patient Not Allowed To Engage In Compulsive Behavior
e.g., Compulsive Hand Washer Must Hold A Dirty Diaper Without Being Able To Wash His Hands (at least 20-25 mins, b/c we want the Anxiety to go up to it’s peak and come back down then the trail ends) |
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Term
| What are PTSD and ASD? (3) |
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Definition
1.Trauma-Related Disorders That Differ In Duration And Severity
2.Traumatic Event
An Event During Which Your Physical Integrity Or Another’s Physical Integrity Is Threatened or Damaged
e.g., Witnessing A Murder, Being In An Automobile Accident, Suddenly Learning Of The Death Of A Loved One, Sexual Assault, War Experiences
3.In Both Disorders, The Traumatized Person Must Experience Intense fear, Helplessness, or Horror During Or Immediately After The Event |
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Term
| What is the duration of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Persistent Re-Experiencing Of Traumatic Event (1 Or More)in PTSD |
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Definition
Distressing Recollections/Memories of Traumatic Event (1 or more)
Dreams Of The Trauma (nightmares with detailed or that are symbolic)
Acting Or Feeling As If Event Is Recurring (i.e., Flashbacks)
Distress At Internal Or External Cues Related To The Event
Physiological Activity Due To Cues Related To The Event (doesn’t have the emotional experience, but their body does) |
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Term
| Avoidance Of Associated Stimuli And Lack Of Responsiveness (3 Or More)in PTSD |
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Definition
Avoidance Of Thoughts, Feelings, Or Conversations Regarding The Traumatic Event
Avoidance of Activities, Places, or people Associated With the trauma
Inability To Recall Important Aspects Of The Trauma (Dissociative Amnesia)(no head injury, but the person cannot recall part or all of the dramatic experience)
Significantly Diminished Interest Or Involvement In Activities
Feeling Of Detachment From others (disconnected himself emotionally)
Restricted Range Of Affect (flat-liners after going to Iraq & returning)
Sense Of Foreshortened Future (prior to the car accident jen thought she would reach the age of 85, but now that she had the car accident she doesn’t think she will see 30) |
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Term
| Persistently Increased Arousal (2 Or More) in PTSD |
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Definition
Difficulty Falling or Staying Asleep (initial and middle insomnia)
Irritability Or Angry Outburst (Overreactive Hostility)
Concentration Problems
Hypervigilance ( the person that was sexually assaulted is aware of dangers, always looking around every corner)
Exaggerated Startle Response (combat VET. When they hear a balloon pop they cover, due to the experience they had at war) |
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Term
| Acute Stress Disorder Duration Criteria: |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute Stress Disorder Diagnostic Criteria (7) |
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Definition
1.Duration Criteria: 2-30 Days
2.Trauma
3.Response Of Intense Fear, Helplessness, Or Horror
4.Dissociative Sxs, During Or After The Trauma (3 or more)
Detachment, Numbing, Or Reduced Emotional Responsiveness
Reduced Awareness Of Surroundings
Feelings of Unreality (Derealization)
Feelings Of Being Detached from oneself Or From One’s Experience
Inability To Recall An Important Aspect Of The Trauma (Dissociative Amnesia)
5.Recurrent Reexperiencing (Dreams, Flashbacks, Memories) Or Intense Distress When Exposed To Event-Related Stimuli
6.Avoidance Of Stimuli That Elicit Memories Of The Trauma
7.Anxiety And Increased Arousal (e.g., Sleep Disturbance, Hypervigilance, Exaggerated Startle Response) |
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Term
| Incidence Of Acute Stress Disorder in Rape Victims? |
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Definition
| Over 90% Of Rape Victims Meet Criteria For ASD |
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Term
| Incidence Of Acute Stress Disorder in Injurious Motor Vehicle Accidents |
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Definition
| About 15% Of People In Injurious Motor Vehicle Accidents Meet Criteria For ASD |
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Term
| Do all People Who Meet Criteria For ASD Later Meet The Criteria For PTSD? |
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Definition
| No. Although Some ASD Patients never meet the PTSD Criteria, Many People Who Meet Criteria For ASD Will Later Meet The Criteria For PTSD |
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Term
| Incidence of PTSD in Low Combat Vietnam Vets |
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Definition
| 20 to 30% Incidence of PTSD |
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Term
| Incidence of PTSD in High Combat Vietnam Vets |
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Definition
| 25 to 70% Incidence of PTSD |
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Term
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Definition
1.More Severe Trauma
2.Perceived Threat To Life
3.Low Intelligence (Low Coping Skills?)
4.Female
5.Lack Of Social Support (Cue Exposure)
6.Early Separation From Parents
7.History Of Prior Trauma
8.Family History Of Psychiatric Disorders
9.Personal History Of Prior Mood or Anxiety Disorder |
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Term
| What is the difference in the nervous system between a normal healthy individual and an individual with PTSD ASD? |
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Definition
Primed Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight Or Flight)
Designed for Short-Term Activation
Intense Or Recurrent Trauma Results In Permanent State Of Overarousal/ Anxiety |
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Term
| Neurostransmitters in PTSD ASD |
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Definition
Diverse Symptoms
“Dysregulation” Of Neurotransmitter Systems |
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Term
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Definition
Reduced Size Of the Hippocampus
Combat Vets
Women Abused As Children |
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Term
| Two Factor Theory in PTSD and ASD |
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Definition
1. Classical Conditioning
Traumatic Event Causes Lasting Anxiety That Is Associated With Stimuli Present During The Trauma
2. Operant Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Avoidance Behavior Is Reinforced (Perpetuated) By Its Ability To Reduce Anxiety
The Long-Term Effect Is That The Avoidance Behavior Prevents Cue Exposure… Causing The Anxiety To Continue |
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Term
| What are the five Negativistic Conditions in PTSD and ASD individuals? |
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Definition
1. Excessive Self-Blame For Events Beyond Control
2. Guilt Over Outcome Of Events
3. Blaming Others
4. Cynicism
5. Catastrophizing |
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Term
| Cognitive Theory as it relates to PTSD and ASD |
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Definition
Avoidance
Social Isolation
Alcohol And/Or Substance Abuse |
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Term
| What medications are used in the treatment of OTSD and ASD and How? |
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Definition
Symptom Relief Only
Symptom-Specific Prescribing
Anxiety-Related Symptoms (Hyperexcitability, Startle Reactions)
-> SSRI Antidepressants Or Benzodaizepines
Irritability, Aggression, Impulsiveness, Flashbacks
-> Mood Stabilizers/Anti-Manic Medications
Depressive Symptoms (Emotional Numbing, Intrusive Thoughts, Social Withdrawal) |
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Term
| Treatment Of PTSD:Psychological Interventions |
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Definition
Covering Strategies
Supportive Therapy
Stress Management (Developing Coping Skills
Uncovering Strategies
Systematic Desensitization
Imaginal Flooding
Success With Rape Survivors (Edna Foa)
Lack Of Success With Vietnam Combat Veterans |
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