Term
| According to Allport, traits are ______ and they __________ |
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Definition
real; influence behavior.
--> Personality is something that does something |
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Term
| According to Allport, traits are rooted in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Allport, personality traits can be demonstrated by considering _______ in thought, feelings and behaviors |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Allport, are traits independent of one another? |
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Definition
| No, they are only relatively independent of others and the exist within a network of overlapping traits. |
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Term
| According to Allport, traits are not _____ or _____ judgments |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Allport, true or false: behaviors that are inconsistent with a trait prove that the trait doesn't exist. |
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Definition
| false! "even a characteristically neat person may become careless if s/he's running late for class" |
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Term
| According to Allport, true or false: traits can be studied only within an individual. |
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Definition
| false! traits can be studied within the individual and ACROSS individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| dispositions to think, feel and act in certain ways. |
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Term
| True or false: people have different levels of each trait |
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Definition
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Term
| traits are relatively ________ and _________ qualities |
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Definition
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Term
| traits are rooted in ________ but shaped by _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| behavior (interactionism) |
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Term
| two important things about measuring traits: |
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Definition
| consistency and rank-ordering, rather than absolute levels |
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Term
| what is a projective personality test? |
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Definition
| HOW the person answers tells us something about him/her. |
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Term
| most common example of a projective personality test? |
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Definition
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Term
| pros and cons of projective tests: |
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Definition
PRO
Fans of these measures like that they are free of “social desirability”
See these as pure measures of the construct
CONS
Coding is required
Many ways to code
Not a ton of evidence to suggest that they are better than more time efficient methods |
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Term
| what is an objective personality test? |
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Definition
WHAT the person gives as an answer tells us something about him/her.
--> somewhat misleading because no test can be completely objective. |
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Term
| how is aggregation used in personality tests? |
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Definition
| Projective tests are B data. Some tests are so good at measuring unconscious behaviors associated with a trait as self report tests are at measuring conscious behaviors associated with the same trait. |
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Term
| what is the rational approach to personality test construction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Eysenck’s model considered a rational approach? |
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Definition
| because he started with a theory from the greeks, and the went on to develop a model of it. |
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Term
| What four things are needed for a rational measurement approach to work? |
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Definition
Items must mean the same thing to each person
Each person must be able to make an accurate self-assessment
The person must be willing to report that assessment
Each item must be relevant to the construct of interest (basis of rational approach) |
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Term
| describe the factor analytic approach for personality test construction. |
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Definition
powerful statistical method
submit items to a test to see which ones 'hang' together.
the resulting clusters are called factors |
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Term
| please list the general steps of a factor analysis: |
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Definition
1. give a bunch of items to a large sample of people
2. correlate the items
3. extract factors
4. examine factor loadings
5. label factors. |
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Term
| what are some limitations of factor analysis? |
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Definition
-you get out what you put in
-a computer shows what 'hangs' together, but you have to decide WHY or HOW
-sometimes, the results make no sense. |
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Term
| another name for the Empirical Approach |
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Definition
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Term
| most famous example of the empirical approach? |
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Definition
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Term
| pros and cons of the empirical approach? |
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Definition
PROS
Seems to work well at predicting behavior
Hard to fake
CONS
Only as good as differences between groups
May not work in a different time, place, or with different people
Difficult to explain to a layman |
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Term
| what are the biggest problem with personality traits and scales? |
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Definition
no uniform agreement --> different names for many things.
each researcher has his/her own biases. |
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Term
in scientific measurement of personality we talk about ________
in everyday assessment of personality we call it ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| why are reputations important? |
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Definition
| reputations can greatly affect opportunities and expectancies. |
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Term
| how can traits and reputation affect your opportunities? |
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Definition
| traits can lead to situations that alter reputations and can lead to less opportunities for the person. |
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Term
| what is an example of self-fulfilling prophecies? |
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Definition
| Intellectual domain. Students selected at random were said to be "bloomers" and they ended up actually being more intelligent than "nonbloomers" |
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Term
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Definition
reality as a concrete entity does not exist. it is a socially constructed thing. your reality is what you perceive and everyone has a different perception.
--> you cannot judge personality |
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Term
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Definition
| even though there is no way to determine the absolute truth not all arguments are equally good. |
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Term
| what is convergent validity? |
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Definition
inter-judge agreement.
behavioral prediction adds to the correctness of judgment.
-->if it walks like a duck, sounds like a duck, looks like a duck, it's a duck. |
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Term
| can your face show your personality? |
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Definition
| some say no, but many say yes. |
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Term
| what other things about someone "tells" you about their personality? |
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Definition
| fashionable clothes, speaking in a loud voice, firm handshake etc. |
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Term
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Definition
something that modifies the existing relationship between two things.
--> test anxiety and performance, gender is a moderator. |
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Term
| what makes someone a good judge? |
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Definition
dependent on situation. but,
highly intelligent and conscientious.
different for men and women.
--> interested in developing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
| who would be a good target? |
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Definition
people you can "read like a book"
tend to be relatively stable and constant |
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Term
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Definition
some traits are more observable than others and thus are more agreed upon among judges.
-->extraversion. |
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Term
| what is good information? |
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Definition
| information from "weak situations" (situations where you are more likely to see variance in behavior based on traits. |
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Term
| Extraversion personality cues |
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Definition
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Term
| Agreeableness personality cues |
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Definition
inviting & strong (positive) odor
in good condition
inviting |
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Term
| Conscientious personality cues |
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Definition
organized, roomy (vs. cramped)
neat, uncluttered. |
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Term
| Neuroticism personality cues |
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Definition
inviting (vs repelling)
well-lit |
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Term
| openness personality cues |
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Definition
conventional, colorful, formal, large.
decorated, cluttered, full, distinctive, varied books, magazines, and a large number of CDs. |
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Term
| can body language determine certain traits? |
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Definition
| no, but there is some truth to people displaying "dishonest" body language and people's gut feelings about them |
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Term
| what is the single-approach trait & its effects? |
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Definition
when you examine one trait in isolation, determines it's correlates and life outcomes.
-examines all data (BLIS)
ex->conscientiousness is a better predictor of academic success than SAT and GPA |
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Term
| what is the many-trait approach? |
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Definition
examine a specific behavior and find out what traits are most closely associated with it.
-->delayed gratification in the marshmallow study |
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Term
| what is the essential-trait approach? |
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Definition
aim for the least amount of traits to explain the most behavior.
-->parsimony |
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Term
| what is the typological trait approach? |
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Definition
decided whether it is best to think of people as types or better to look at their levels of each trait.
--->statistically, typologies do not offer any extra understanding or info than traits. |
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Term
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Definition
highlights difference between inner and outer self.
functional communication skills |
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Term
| traits associated with high self monitors |
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Definition
| talkative, skilled in the social techniques of imaginative play and humor, verbally fluent, expressive face, exaggerated emotions |
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Term
| traits associated with low self monitors |
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Definition
| distrustful, perfectionists, anxious, independent |
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Term
| sex differences when it comes to delayed gratification |
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Definition
males are worse at delaying
girls who delay show self control and healthy psychological development.
boys who delay only show self contol |
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Term
| what did the Q-sorted data about drug use reveal? |
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Definition
| emotionally unstable, nervous, and/or disobedient children at age 10, 4 years later were using drugs |
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Term
| adult Conservatives, as children... |
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Definition
tended to feel guilty
anxious in unpredictable situations
unable to handle stress
as a result: timidity --> seeking safety and familiarity |
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Term
| adult liberals, as children... |
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Definition
resourceful
independent
self-reliant
confident
as a result: "under-controlled"-->desire for a wide range of gratifications sooner rather than later. |
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Term
| does personality change over time? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: personality is consistent across lifespan |
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Definition
false! but we get more consistent as we age.
also, average levels of a trait do change over time |
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Term
| what are some consequences of patient EVR |
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Definition
correct knowledge of social rules & behavior, but not seeing them personally applicable.
goals changed frequently and were unrealistic
long term goals not accomplished b/c short term interfered. |
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Term
| lesions in prefrontal cortex cause: |
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Definition
Dysregulated social behavior
Abolished Physiological Responses to the Anticipation of Punishment
Loss of ability to accomplish longer-term goals
However, individuals can tell you how to accomplish their goals – they just can’t seem to do it! |
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Term
| Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) |
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Definition
Keeps you awake (or not) in class
The center of Eysenck’s extraversion
Extraverts under-aroused, introverts over-aroused
Some support for theory
-Both equally aroused
-Introverts shy away from stimulation more quickly, more reactive |
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Term
| what does the amygdala do? |
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Definition
plays an important role in emotion perception and expression in humans
associated with chronic anxiety, fearfulness, sociability and sexuality |
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Term
| what are neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
fast chemical messengers in the brain
--> serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine etc. |
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