Term
| What is the definition of behavior genetics? |
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Definition
-study of the heritability of behavioral tendencies
-Uses methodologies to examine the contribution of genes and environment to behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical presentation or observable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| underlying genetic source code. |
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Term
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Definition
a study that uses twins as a natural control group.
usually compares MZ twins to DZ twins |
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Term
| what is a heritability coefficient? |
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Definition
| (0-1)index of how much of variation in behavior is attributable to genetics |
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Term
| how is a heritibility coefficient calculated? |
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Definition
Two times the difference between the
correlation from MZ twins and the correlation from DZ twins
aka (rMZ-rDZ)x2 |
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Term
| average hertiability of traits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What might heritability tell us about the causes of some behaviors/disorders? |
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Definition
| some are heritable, some are not. for example moderate retardation IS hertiable, but severe is NOT. |
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Term
| what two things can "high heritability" mean? |
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Definition
The trait might vary wildly across people OR
It might be a trait that is mostly determined by genes |
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Term
| what two things can "low heritability" mean? |
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Definition
The trait might not vary wildly across people OR
It might be a trait that depends less on genes |
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Term
| Why might we find that modern behaviors (e.g., divorce) are heritable? |
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Definition
| because we may possess trait(s) RELATED to something such as divorce, not possess a "divorce gene" |
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Term
| what is the basic approach taken by molecular genetics? |
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Definition
Take variation in specific genes and looks at an association with corresponding variation in a behavior of interest
identify gene --> figure out what it's related to |
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Term
| DRD4 (related to release of dopamine)could be related to ________ |
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Definition
risky behavior/sensation seeking
heightened risk for ADHD and impulsivity |
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Term
| 5-HTT ("short" version) of the serotonin transporter associated with....... |
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Definition
neroticism
also with amygdala response |
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Term
| how is behavior adaptive? |
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Definition
| adaptive as in the best is more likely to survive and reproduce. reason why some traits we have now were passed down from acestors |
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Term
| What is Sociometer theory? |
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Definition
"dial that lets us know if we're being "good" group members.
We care about what others think of us because we used to depend on them for survival. if you were left out, you might die. |
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Term
| How is Sociometer theory related to Self-Esteem? |
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Definition
| self esteem is a 'gauge'. left out, feel bad about yourself. |
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Term
| what happens to heritability if genes are restricted |
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Definition
| any variation is attributed to the environment. (0) |
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Term
| what happens to heritability if environment is restricted? |
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Definition
| any variation is attributed to genes. (1) |
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Term
| Why were psychologists shocked to find that shared environment only accounted for 5% of the variance in personality? |
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Definition
| it was believed that shared environment was pivotal, but studies proved otherwise. |
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Term
| Some psychologists say that “family doesn’t matter” because of findings from behavior genetics. list the reasons |
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Definition
1. parenting interventions work
2. some things we think of as shared are not ie parenting style.
3. lots of things restrict range. not many "bad parents"
4. families from same culture.
5. mostly self report data, not behavioral. |
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Term
| how could aggression be viewed as adaptive? |
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Definition
| could help you survive attack |
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Term
| how could altruism be viewed as adaptive? |
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Definition
| possibly help protect people related to you, helps pass on your genes. |
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Term
| depression symptom of fatigue adaptive? |
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Definition
| fatigue is a result of failing, our body telling us not to try again. stop investing time and effort |
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Term
| depression symptom of sadness adaptive? |
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Definition
| after a social loss, we grieve, gets attention and support from others, gain new support to replace support lost. |
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Term
| key features men look for in a mate according to evolutionary work across cultures |
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Definition
| physical attractiveness because it is indicative of fertility and good genes. |
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Term
| key features women look for in a mate according to evolutionary work across cultures |
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Definition
| wealth because its indicative of resources so they can support children |
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Term
| men care about ______ infidelity more & why |
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Definition
| sexual, is their kid really theirs? did they pass their genes on? |
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Term
| women care about _____ infidelity more & why? |
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Definition
| emotional, could another woman take her resources. |
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Term
| What did Nettle say about the different ends of the spectrum of each personality trait (e.g., extraversion vs. introversion) |
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Definition
| either end of spectrum could be adaptive, given the right circumstances |
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Term
| what about the idea of a "evolutionary ideal combo" of the big 5? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does mate value have to do with men’s mating strategies? |
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Definition
| men advertise themselves differently depending on what women want |
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Term
| mating strategies: what do women want short-term? |
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Definition
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Term
| mating strategies: what do women want long-term? |
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Definition
| "dads" - men that display the qualities of a good father. |
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Term
| average levels of certain personality traits might differ across territories that have historically high levels of pathogens (germs). Why would this be the case? |
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Definition
| some traits make you more likely to be exposed |
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Term
| Which traits did they find were less common in areas with higher historic levels of pathogens? |
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Definition
1. extraversion
2. openness
3. sociosexuality |
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Term
| What is life history theory? |
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Definition
| Started as an ecological model for explaining differences in sexual behavior between species |
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Term
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Definition
few offspring, lots of time and care
-->elephant |
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Term
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Definition
lots of offspring, not a lot of care
-->rabbit |
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Term
| What kinds of environments and outcomes are typically associated with fast vs. slow life history strategies? |
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Definition
| low SES?, income, father's presence, mortality rate, earlier pubertal timing |
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Term
| problems with evolutional approach? |
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Definition
backwards hypothesizing,
don't consciously think of "mates"
naturalistic fallacy |
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Term
| What are the basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theory? |
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Definition
1. childhood is important
2. every behavior has psychological purpose
3. The brain is the organ, but the mind is the result of what the brain does, needs mental energy |
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Term
| According to Freud what were the two basic instincts or drives? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud what were the conscious manifestations of sexual, aggressive, or other unacceptable impulses? |
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Definition
| dreams, jokes, slips of the tongue, sublimation, anxiety symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| rationalizing,functions on the reality principle, balances the id, conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| rules, society, morals. preconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| desires, functions on the pleasure principle. unconscious |
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Term
| Know Freud’s general view on Anxiety |
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Definition
| anxiety arises out of real issues or imagined unconscious conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear of tangible dangers in the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear that id impulses will run “wild” and result in punishment (ego versus id). |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeling shame or guilt over id impulses that the ego may contemplate expressing (superego versus id). |
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Term
| whats the purpose of defense mechanisms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
shifting impulses from one target to another
-->kicking the dog because your boss is a jerk |
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Term
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Definition
| ascribing your own thoughts and feelings to someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| finding an acceptable but incorrect explanation/justification for your behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| retreating to behaviors from an earlier period in development |
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Term
| define reaction formation |
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Definition
doing the opposite of your impulses
-->HYPOCRITICAL |
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Term
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Definition
| altering an impulse so that it can be expressed in a socially desirable manner |
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Term
| what are examples of controlled impulse expressions? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are examples of uncontrolled impulse expressions? |
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Definition
| parapraxes: forgetting, slips of the tongue. |
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Term
| general reasoning behind Freud’s stages of psychosexual development |
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Definition
Failure to resolve each conflict can lead to fixation which increases the likelihood of regression
Fixation is due to overgratification or undergratification of the instinctual desires. |
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Term
| oral stage: physical focus, theme, and adult personality type |
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Definition
mouth
dependency
overly independent or overly needy |
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Term
| anal stage: physical focus, theme, adult type |
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Definition
anus,
self control, obedience,
rigid "anal retentive" or undercontrolled "anal expulsive" |
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Term
| phallic stage: physical focus, theme, adult type |
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Definition
penis,
development of superego, gender roles,
extreme sexual behavior |
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Term
| what is the oedipal complex? |
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Definition
| males seek attention from mom, fear castration from father, decide to identify with fathers instead. |
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Term
| female version of the oedipal complex |
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Definition
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Term
| Freud's requirements for a person to be "normal" |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the strengths of Freud’s theories? |
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Definition
Comprehensive theory
Described unconscious processes
Compelling
Generates intense reactions |
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Term
| What are the criticisms of Freud’s theories? |
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Definition
Difficult to Test
Theory is sexist and/or heterosexist
Overemphasis on sexual drives
Overly dark view of human nature
Lacks Parsimony
Limited methodology (used mostly case studies of neurotic Viennese women, problem for generalizability of the theory?)
Poorly defined psychological constructs (ideas that are not operationally defined properly) |
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Term
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Definition
| iceberg model of id, ego, superego |
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