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PSY 236 exam three
lectures 13-16
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/27/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
What is the definition of behavior genetics?
Definition
-study of the heritability of behavioral tendencies
-Uses methodologies to examine the contribution of genes and environment to behavior
Term
define phenotype
Definition
the physical presentation or observable behavior
Term
define genotype
Definition
underlying genetic source code.
Term
what is a twin study?
Definition
a study that uses twins as a natural control group.
usually compares MZ twins to DZ twins
Term
what is a heritability coefficient?
Definition
(0-1)index of how much of variation in behavior is attributable to genetics
Term
how is a heritibility coefficient calculated?
Definition
Two times the difference between the
correlation from MZ twins and the correlation from DZ twins
aka (rMZ-rDZ)x2
Term
average hertiability of traits?
Definition
40%
Term
What might heritability tell us about the causes of some behaviors/disorders?
Definition
some are heritable, some are not. for example moderate retardation IS hertiable, but severe is NOT.
Term
what two things can "high heritability" mean?
Definition
The trait might vary wildly across people OR
It might be a trait that is mostly determined by genes
Term
what two things can "low heritability" mean?
Definition
The trait might not vary wildly across people OR
It might be a trait that depends less on genes
Term
Why might we find that modern behaviors (e.g., divorce) are heritable?
Definition
because we may possess trait(s) RELATED to something such as divorce, not possess a "divorce gene"
Term
what is the basic approach taken by molecular genetics?
Definition
Take variation in specific genes and looks at an association with corresponding variation in a behavior of interest
identify gene --> figure out what it's related to
Term
DRD4 (related to release of dopamine)could be related to ________
Definition
risky behavior/sensation seeking
heightened risk for ADHD and impulsivity
Term
5-HTT ("short" version) of the serotonin transporter associated with.......
Definition
neroticism
also with amygdala response
Term
how is behavior adaptive?
Definition
adaptive as in the best is more likely to survive and reproduce. reason why some traits we have now were passed down from acestors
Term
What is Sociometer theory?
Definition
"dial that lets us know if we're being "good" group members.
We care about what others think of us because we used to depend on them for survival. if you were left out, you might die.
Term
How is Sociometer theory related to Self-Esteem?
Definition
self esteem is a 'gauge'. left out, feel bad about yourself.
Term
what happens to heritability if genes are restricted
Definition
any variation is attributed to the environment. (0)
Term
what happens to heritability if environment is restricted?
Definition
any variation is attributed to genes. (1)
Term
Why were psychologists shocked to find that shared environment only accounted for 5% of the variance in personality?
Definition
it was believed that shared environment was pivotal, but studies proved otherwise.
Term
Some psychologists say that “family doesn’t matter” because of findings from behavior genetics. list the reasons
Definition
1. parenting interventions work
2. some things we think of as shared are not ie parenting style.
3. lots of things restrict range. not many "bad parents"
4. families from same culture.
5. mostly self report data, not behavioral.
Term
how could aggression be viewed as adaptive?
Definition
could help you survive attack
Term
how could altruism be viewed as adaptive?
Definition
possibly help protect people related to you, helps pass on your genes.
Term
depression symptom of fatigue adaptive?
Definition
fatigue is a result of failing, our body telling us not to try again. stop investing time and effort
Term
depression symptom of sadness adaptive?
Definition
after a social loss, we grieve, gets attention and support from others, gain new support to replace support lost.
Term
key features men look for in a mate according to evolutionary work across cultures
Definition
physical attractiveness because it is indicative of fertility and good genes.
Term
key features women look for in a mate according to evolutionary work across cultures
Definition
wealth because its indicative of resources so they can support children
Term
men care about ______ infidelity more & why
Definition
sexual, is their kid really theirs? did they pass their genes on?
Term
women care about _____ infidelity more & why?
Definition
emotional, could another woman take her resources.
Term
What did Nettle say about the different ends of the spectrum of each personality trait (e.g., extraversion vs. introversion)
Definition
either end of spectrum could be adaptive, given the right circumstances
Term
what about the idea of a "evolutionary ideal combo" of the big 5?
Definition
no such thing
Term
What does mate value have to do with men’s mating strategies?
Definition
men advertise themselves differently depending on what women want
Term
mating strategies: what do women want short-term?
Definition
"cads" - attractive
Term
mating strategies: what do women want long-term?
Definition
"dads" - men that display the qualities of a good father.
Term
average levels of certain personality traits might differ across territories that have historically high levels of pathogens (germs). Why would this be the case?
Definition
some traits make you more likely to be exposed
Term
Which traits did they find were less common in areas with higher historic levels of pathogens?
Definition
1. extraversion
2. openness
3. sociosexuality
Term
What is life history theory?
Definition
Started as an ecological model for explaining differences in sexual behavior between species
Term
slow life history:
Definition
few offspring, lots of time and care
-->elephant
Term
fast life history:
Definition
lots of offspring, not a lot of care
-->rabbit
Term
What kinds of environments and outcomes are typically associated with fast vs. slow life history strategies?
Definition
low SES?, income, father's presence, mortality rate, earlier pubertal timing
Term
problems with evolutional approach?
Definition
backwards hypothesizing,
don't consciously think of "mates"
naturalistic fallacy
Term
What are the basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theory?
Definition
1. childhood is important
2. every behavior has psychological purpose
3. The brain is the organ, but the mind is the result of what the brain does, needs mental energy
Term
According to Freud what were the two basic instincts or drives?
Definition
libido and thanatos
Term
According to Freud what were the conscious manifestations of sexual, aggressive, or other unacceptable impulses?
Definition
dreams, jokes, slips of the tongue, sublimation, anxiety symptoms.
Term
define ego
Definition
rationalizing,functions on the reality principle, balances the id, conscious.
Term
define super ego
Definition
rules, society, morals. preconscious
Term
define id
Definition
desires, functions on the pleasure principle. unconscious
Term
Know Freud’s general view on Anxiety
Definition
anxiety arises out of real issues or imagined unconscious conflict.
Term
define reality anxiety
Definition
Fear of tangible dangers in the real world.
Term
define neurotic anxiety
Definition
Fear that id impulses will run “wild” and result in punishment (ego versus id).
Term
define moral anxiety
Definition
Feeling shame or guilt over id impulses that the ego may contemplate expressing (superego versus id).
Term
whats the purpose of defense mechanisms?
Definition
deal with anxiety
Term
define displacement
Definition
shifting impulses from one target to another
-->kicking the dog because your boss is a jerk
Term
define projection
Definition
ascribing your own thoughts and feelings to someone else
Term
define rationalization
Definition
finding an acceptable but incorrect explanation/justification for your behavior
Term
define regression
Definition
retreating to behaviors from an earlier period in development
Term
define reaction formation
Definition
doing the opposite of your impulses
-->HYPOCRITICAL
Term
define sublimation
Definition
altering an impulse so that it can be expressed in a socially desirable manner
Term
what are examples of controlled impulse expressions?
Definition
humor, jokes.
Term
what are examples of uncontrolled impulse expressions?
Definition
parapraxes: forgetting, slips of the tongue.
Term
general reasoning behind Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
Definition
Failure to resolve each conflict can lead to fixation which increases the likelihood of regression
Fixation is due to overgratification or undergratification of the instinctual desires.
Term
oral stage: physical focus, theme, and adult personality type
Definition
mouth
dependency
overly independent or overly needy
Term
anal stage: physical focus, theme, adult type
Definition
anus,
self control, obedience,
rigid "anal retentive" or undercontrolled "anal expulsive"
Term
phallic stage: physical focus, theme, adult type
Definition
penis,
development of superego, gender roles,
extreme sexual behavior
Term
what is the oedipal complex?
Definition
males seek attention from mom, fear castration from father, decide to identify with fathers instead.
Term
female version of the oedipal complex
Definition
electra complex
Term
Freud's requirements for a person to be "normal"
Definition
to love and to work
Term
What are the strengths of Freud’s theories?
Definition
Comprehensive theory
Described unconscious processes
Compelling
Generates intense reactions
Term
What are the criticisms of Freud’s theories?
Definition
Difficult to Test
Theory is sexist and/or heterosexist
Overemphasis on sexual drives
Overly dark view of human nature
Lacks Parsimony
Limited methodology (used mostly case studies of neurotic Viennese women, problem for generalizability of the theory?)
Poorly defined psychological constructs (ideas that are not operationally defined properly)
Term
[image]
Definition
iceberg model of id, ego, superego
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