Term
| what were four primary disagreements that the neo-freudians had with Freud's original theory? |
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Definition
1. role of the unconscious
2. focus on sexuality
3. importance placed on early experience
4. gender issues - sexist |
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Term
| What did Alfred Adler feel that the primary motivating force in life was? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Adler what were the inferiority and superiority complexes? |
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Definition
inferiority: feel lesser due to neglect
superiority: overcompensate, egotistical. |
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Term
| Know what Adler meant by compensation |
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Definition
| dealing with real or imagined inferiority |
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Term
| know what Adler meant by Style of Life |
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Definition
| your particular way of dealing with your inferiority |
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Term
| know the 3 kinds of destructive styles of life in Adler's scheme |
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Definition
ruling type
getting type
avoiding type |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks respect for others, acts out when threatened. domineering. delinquents and criminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| dependent on others. expects to gain satisfaction from others. passive and depends on others to solve problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks confidence. avoids engaging in the world - prone to escapism and daydreaming. |
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Term
| know the features of the Socially Useful style of life |
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Definition
| faces problems, cooperates with others, engages in social interests, forms relationships with people. |
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Term
| explain Jung's collective unconscious |
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Definition
| memories and ideas that all humans share, most of which reside in the unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea or prototype of the female as held in the mind of a male |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea of prototype of the male as held in the mind of a female. |
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Term
| how did Karen Horney reconceptualize Freud's concept of penis envy? |
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Definition
| she said women envied men's status in society - not literal "penis" envy |
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Term
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Definition
| each person has their own unique understanding of the world and unique experiences. |
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Term
| why is phenomenology important to humanists? |
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Definition
| to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality. |
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Term
| problems that humanists cite with the way that traditional psychology addresses issues in the world |
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Definition
| Psychologists are too scientific. Humans should not be studied in the same way. Focus too much on negative |
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Term
| What was Wilhelm Wundt's major contribution |
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Definition
| introspection - introducing experiments to psychology |
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Term
| What is introspection? Why is it so difficult to carry out in practice? |
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Definition
| Looking inward, trying to describe specific experience of some even. |
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Term
| what did existentialists mean when they said someone was living in bad faith? |
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Definition
| they were not facing mortality as a human and lived a meaningless existence. |
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Term
| what is an authentic existence according to existentialists? |
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Definition
| facing your mortality, being honest and insightful and morally correct. |
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Term
| what are the two key assumptions did humanists borrow from existentialism? |
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Definition
| phenomenology and free will |
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Term
| what two assumptions of their own did humanists add to their theory? |
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Definition
1. humans are basically good
2. people have an innate need to make themselves and the world better (self actualization) |
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Term
| what did Carl Rogers mean by saying that people Self-Actualize? |
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Definition
| tendency to make yourself a better person and the world a better place. enhance experience. |
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Term
| what is Carl Roger's definition of a Fully Functioning Person |
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Definition
facing life without fear
without doubt
without neurotic defenses (defense mechanisms) |
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Term
| what is unconditional positive regard? |
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Definition
accepting someone regardless of anything about them (traits or actions)
necessary for being a fully functioning person--> |
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Term
| what are conditions of worth? |
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Definition
| conditions that must be met in order to get affection. |
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Term
| what are personal constructs? |
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Definition
bipolar dimensions that we each have a unique set of, used to differentiate the world around us
(strong vs. weak) |
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Term
| according to Kelly, where do our personal constructs come from? |
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Definition
come from, but are not determined by, experience.
you can change them |
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Term
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Definition
| altered state when in a unique activity "in your zone" |
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Term
| how did Salvatore Maddi feel about stress and how is it related to his concept of hardiness? |
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Definition
| stress is good. without it, we would not fully appreciate our existence. if you face stress in a positive way, you become hardier |
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Term
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Definition
customs and sets of beliefs specific to a set of people
(shared set of beliefs, passed down from generation to generation, intended to guide the thought, feelings & behavior of group members) |
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Term
| what is cultural relativism? |
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Definition
different cultures often emphasize vastly different beliefs, values, customs, etc.
-->US having high regard for basketball players. |
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Term
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Definition
values and behaviors that are universal across cultures --> Wisdom is valued
(think T - total) |
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Term
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Definition
| specific to a certain culture. |
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Term
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Definition
group is valued over the individuals needs
--> Japan |
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Term
|
Definition
looking out for self more than the better of the group
--> United States |
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Term
| Differences between collectivist and individualist cultures |
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Definition
United States has many more adjectives than a more collectivist culture, like Japan.
interdependent self vs. independent "I am _____" a mother vs. happy |
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Term
| in individualist cultures...... |
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Definition
Autobiographies are more common
Values self-esteem
Spend less time with more people
Emotion is more self-focused (e.g., anger)
Emphasis on personal achievement |
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Term
| in collectivist cultures...... |
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Definition
Group history books are more common
Values harmony in relationships
Spend more time with fewer people
Emotion is more other-focused (e.g., sympathy)
Emphasis on reputation (face) |
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Term
| what is a vertical culture? |
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Definition
| established hierarchy, rank, or cast system |
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|
Term
| what is a horizontal culture? |
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Definition
| no differences in status, people are equal. |
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Term
| collectivist and vertical culture? |
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Definition
| focus on complying with authorities and enhancing group cohesion/status, even at the expense of personal goals (e.g., Korea, Japan, India) |
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Term
| individualist and vertical culture? |
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Definition
| Individuals seek to stand out and be better than others via competition, achievement, and power (e.g., U.S., Great Britain, France) |
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Term
| collectivist and horizontal culture? |
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Definition
| Eschew status differences, focusing instead on common social ethic values equality and sharing (e.g., an Israeli kibbutz) |
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Term
| individualist and horizontal culture? |
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Definition
| Eschew status differences, focusing instead on each individual’s expression of unique talents (e.g., Sweden, Denmark, Norway) |
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Term
| what is the key difference between holistic and analytic thought? |
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Definition
| tolerance for ambiguity. holistic is okay with contradictory ideas, whereas analytic is more rigid: which one is right and which is wrong. |
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Term
| Robert Levine’s studies on helping within the United States and across other countries.. what were the connections? |
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Definition
smaller population density - more helpful
smaller population - more helpful
lower crime rate - more helpful |
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Term
| What is the Culture of Honor and where in the United States are you likely to find people that ascribe to it? |
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Definition
people value saving face, good reputation.
Southern and Western United States |
|
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Term
| historical explanation for Culture of Honor? |
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Definition
| people who settled southern and western lands were herders, ranchers, and had mobile stock. they had to police their herds and make sure no one stole them. Had to display they wouldn't be taken advantage of. |
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Term
| Culture of honor applies to.. |
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Definition
| white males in southern and western US |
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Term
|
Definition
we learn association between things.
award + punishment = learning |
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Term
| how is behaviorism different from phenomenology? |
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Definition
| behaviorism deals with physical behavior. phenomenology deal with thoughts |
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Term
| what are the historical roots of behaviorism? |
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Definition
| reaction to introspection and phenomenology. |
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Term
| what are the philosophical roots of behaviorism? |
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Definition
| Empiricism, associationism, and hedonism |
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Term
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Definition
| personality comes from experience. when born, you're a "blank slate" |
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Term
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Definition
| learn to associate things together in time (if two things occur in a timely manner) |
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Term
|
Definition
| we seek pleasure and avoid pain |
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Term
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Definition
| after being repeatedly exposed to the same stimulus, it has less of an effect. |
|
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Term
| what is classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| (Pavlov's dogs) Unintentional conditioning. two seemingly unrelated things become related because of their proximity in time |
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Term
| what is Watson's S-R theory? |
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Definition
| (related to CC) personality consists of repeated exposure of different STIMULI and our RESPONSES to those stimuli. |
|
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Term
| what is Operant Conditioning? |
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Definition
active form of conditioning
ex. animal presses lever, gets reward or punishment. |
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Term
| What was Thorndike's Law of Effect and what did it have to do with cats in a box? |
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Definition
behavior that gives you a reward is more likely to be repeated.
behavior that gets desired outcome is more likely to occur faster. |
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Term
| what were the five principles of effective punishment? |
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Definition
1. Provide an alternative
2. Behavioral and Situational Specificity (don't reward after)
3. Timing and Consistency
4. Secondary punishing stimuli (threat of punishment)
5. Avoid mixed messages |
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Term
| what were the five reasons that punishment can backfire? |
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Definition
1. It arouses emotion (in punisher and punishee)
2. It is difficult to be consistent
3. It is difficult to gauge the severity of the punishment
4. Punishment teaches about power
5. Punishment motivates concealment |
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Term
| what were some complaints about behaviorism that were addressed by social learning theorists? |
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Definition
1. it ignores motivation - what is going on in our heads
2. experiments done on animals - translate to humans?
3. ignores socialness of learning.
4. ignores selection (we chose to be/put ourselves in certain situations |
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Term
| what was Dollar and Miller's Habit Hierarchy? and how does it deviate from traditional behaviorist ideas? |
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Definition
states that in an situation there are many behavior options and the most likely is at the top of your mind (based on rewards and punishment)
ex. taking notes in class or dancing in class.
-->discusses mental structure, not just behavior. |
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Term
according to Dollar and Miller, what are drives?
differences between primary and secondary |
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Definition
state of physiological tension that arises from a need that must be satisfied.
primary: hunger, thirst etc
secondary: success (more complicated) |
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Term
| what is the frustration aggression hypothesis and which Freudian defense mechanism is it similar to? |
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Definition
all frustration leads to aggression and all aggression stems from frustration.
-->displacement. |
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Term
| what is the basic idea behind Rotter's Expectancy Value theory and how does it differ from traditional behaviorist ideas? |
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Definition
| additional mental component where we evaluate likelihood of success (high -> engage in behavior. low -> do not engage in behavior) |
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Term
| what are the differences between Rotter's concepts of generalized and specific expectancies? (related to locus of control?) |
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Definition
specific: specific to a situation (if i ask this girl out, what are the chances she'll say yes?)
generalized: more global. do you feel like you can control the outcome? |
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Term
| what is the key difference between Bandura's concept of Efficacy Expectations and Rotter's concept of Expectancies? |
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Definition
| Bandura's initial decision of if you are capable, rather than success (can you even go talk to someone? much less ask them out) |
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Term
| what is the basic idea behind Bandura's observational learning? (Bobo dolls) |
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Definition
| people do not need to learn from personal experience. Watching others receive rewards or punishments can affect how you behave. |
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Term
| Learning theories: Pros and cons |
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Definition
PRO: strong experimental methods
importance of environment & external things
techniques for behavioral change
CONS: effects not long lasting
underestimates degree on how people think differently
too simplistic |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson's stages of psychosocial development |
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Definition
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