Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PSY 235
EXAM 2
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/12/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Non Reactive Measurement
Definition
measurement that does not change a subjects responses while recording them
Term
Persuasion
Definition
change in private attitude or belief as a result of receiving messages
Term
After Only Design
Definition
assesses persuasion by measuring attitudes only after the persuasion attempt
Term
Cognitive Response Model
Definition
a theory that locates the most direct cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion target
Term
Counterarguments
Definition
arguments that challenge and oppose other arguments
Term
Inoculation Procedure
Definition
a technique for increasing an individuals resistance to an argument by first giving them weak, easily defeated versions of it
Term
Dual Process Model of Persuasion
Definition
a model that accounts for the two ways that attitude change occurs: with and without much thought
Term
Elaboration Likelihood model
Definition
there are two routes to attitude change the central route and the peripheral route
Term
Message recipients will consider a communication deeply when they have both:
Definition
the ability
the motivation
Term
2 factor's that influence a person's motivation to process a message deeply:
Definition
- Personal relevance of the topic: does it matter to you
- Need for cognition: the tendency to enjoy and engage in deliberate thought
Term
Individuals may yield to a persuasive message in order to:

(3 things)
Definition
- Hold a more accurate view of the world
- Be consistent with themselves
- Gain social approval and acceptance
Term
When we can't make a thorough evaluation of a persuasive argument we may rely on one of these three shortcuts:
Definition
- Credibility of communicator
- Other's responses
- Ready ideas: side I have heard recently or frequently
Term
A Sad Mood
Definition
- Motivates people to acquire accurate attitudes about the situation
- Warns of potential danger of making errors in immediate environment
Term
Before a decision is made:

After a decision is made:
Definition
- desire to be accurate and unbiased is much stronger

- the accuracy motive fades in oder to feel good about the decision made
Term
Consistency Principle
Definition
principle that people will change their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and actions to make them consistent with each other
Term
Balance Theory... We want to:
Definition
Agree with people we like
Disagree with people we dislike
Associate good things with good people
Associate bad things with bad people
Term
Balance Theory
Definition
cognitive system out of balance, creates uncomfortable tension, to remove this tension, we will have to change something in the system
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from an inconsistency within one's important attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
Term
Counter Attitudinal Action
Definition
a behavior that in inconsistent with an existing attitude
Term
Post Decisional Dissonance
Definition
the conflict one feels about a decision that could be wrong
Term
No Arousal = No Dissonance =
Definition
No Need to Change
Term
Salience of the Inconsistency
Definition
factors that make inconsistency more salient/significant will enhance dissonance
Term
Impression Motivation
Definition
the motivation to achieve approval by making a good impression on others
Term
Social Influence
Definition
change in overt behavior caused by real/imagined pressure from others
Term
Conformity
Definition
changing behavior to match the responses/actions of others (not necessarily due to pressure)
Term
Compliance
Definition
changing behavior in response to direct request
Term
Example of Compliance:
Definition
Foot-in-the-door technique (first asked to wear a small button supporting a cause, then asked to post a sign in your lawn)
Term
Obedience
Definition
changing behavior in response to directive from an authority figure
Term
Example of Obedience:
Definition
Experiment where researchers tell participants to, no matter what, shock the other participant when they get a question wrong
Term
People yield to social influence to achieve one or more of three basic goals:
Definition
- choose correctly
- gain social approval
- be consistent with commitments
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
approach where the researcher infiltrates setting of interest to examine it from within
Term
six Influence Principles
Definition
- reciprocation
- commitment/consistency
- authority
- social validation
- scarcity
- liking/friendship
Term
Social Validation
Definition
using others choices to check weather one's choice is correct or not
Term
We are especially likely to follow the behavior of others when:
Definition
- there is strong consensus among the others
- the others are highly similar to us
Term
Descriptive Norms
Definition
describes behaviors that are typically preformed
Term
Injunctive Norms
Definition
defines what behaviors are typically approved and disapproved
Term
Norm of Reciprocity
Definition
social rule that requires us to repay others with the form of behavior they have given us
Term
Individualists define self...
Definition
in personal and individualized terms, focusing on features that are distinguishing features
Term
Collectivists define self...
Definition
in terms of groups to which they belong
Term
Disrupt then Reframe Technique
Definition
increases compliance by disrupting initial resistance laden view of request and quickly reframing request in more favorable terms
Term
Reactant Theory
Definition
react against threats on freedoms by reasserting those freedoms and doing opposite of what we are being pressured to do
Term
Public Observability
Definition
when their responses will be observed by others, people agree more with group judgements
Term
Even strong group norms may not influence behavior if...
Definition
- person believes they can resist
- person does not identify strongly with the group
Term
Personal Commitment
Definition
connecting individual identity to position/course of action, making it more likely that he/she will follow through
Term
Foot in the Door technique
Definition
compliance with the initial request changes self-image to be consistent with that first favor; it would be inconsistent with this image to refuse the second request
Term
Low Ball technique
Definition
get an agreement to a specific arrangement; change terms of arrangement
Term
Bait and Switch technique
Definition
it works by getting people to commit to a general course of action; then they accept a deal they would have dismissed if it had been offered first
Term
Labeling technique
Definition
the label activates favorable self image; this motivates person to act in ways that are consistent with that self image
Term
Affiliation Motive
Definition
desire to be near others and have positive interactions with them
Term
Friend
Definition
someone with whom we have an affectionate relationship
Term
Experience Sampling
Definition
participants recording their own interactions (example: beeper reminders)
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
observing naturally, but people could adjust their behaviors because they know people are watching
Term
Reinforcement-Affect Model
Definition
we like people we associate positive feelings with and we dislike those we associate negative feelings with
Term
Social Exchange Theory
Definition
theory that we evaluate relationships based on trading of benefits within that relationship
Term
Domain-General
Definition
includes reinforcement-affect and social exchange models goal's (getting rewards)
Term
Domain-Specific
Definition
assume different relationships have different goals at different times
Term
Four main goals for Affiliating and forming Friendships:
Definition
- getting social support
- getting information
- gaining status
- exchanging social benefits
Term
Social Support
Definition
emotional, informational, or material assistance provided by others in social network
Term
Health Psychology
Definition
study of behavioral and psychological factors that affect illness
Term
Women's response to stress...
Definition
women "tend" and "befriend"
Term
Men's response to stress...
Definition
men "fight" or "take flight"
Term
the Self-Perpetuation Cycle of Loneliness and Depression
Definition
depressed individuals tend to focus on negatives aspects of their lives, which can alienate others
Term
Positivity Bias
Definition
information that others agree with us makes us "feel good"
Term
Self-Disclosure
Definition
sharing of intimate information about oneself
Term
Social Exchange
Definition
trading of benefits within a relationship
Term
Equity
Definition
state of affairs in which one person's benefits and costs from relationship are proportional to benefits and costs incurred by partner
Term
Communal Orientation
Definition
less concerned with keeping careful track of inputs and outputs in their relationships
Term
Proximity-Attraction Principle
Definition
the tendency to become friends with those who live or work near by
Term
Mere Expose Effect
Definition
tendency to feel positively towards stimuli we have seen frequently
Term
Social Capitol
Definition
asset that can be drawn from one's network of social relationships
Term
Attachment example... Who's Monkey's, and what was the importance?
Definition
Harlow's Monkey's
- cloth mother versus wire mother
Term
Factor Analysis
Definition
statistical technique for sorting test items into conceptually similar groupings
Term
Triangular Theory of Love
Definition
Passion
Intimacy
Commitment

by Sternberg
Term
Need to Belong
Definition
human need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships
Term
Three-Stage Pattern of Separation Distress
Definition
- reaction sequence shown by infants or adults when separated from those to whom they are intimately attached
1. PROTEST - attempts to re-establish contact
2. DESPAIR - passivity and sadness
3. DETACHMENT - lack of concern and coolness towards parent or lover
Term
Secure Base
Definition
comfort provided by attachment figure allows person to venture forth more confidently to explore the environment
Term
Bond between mother and offspring found in _____ mammals.
Definition
all
Term
In _____% of mammalian species the male does not contribute to offspring care, ________ are a rare exception.
Definition
95, humans
Term
Attachment Style
Definition
SECURE - trust that the other will continue to provide love, support, security, trust
AVOIDANT - defense detachment, form relationships, fear of getting too close
ANXIOUS/AMBILILANT - fear of abandonment; feeling that one's needs are not being met, wanting to love but fear that it wont be reciprocated
Term
Long term relationships cause people to:
Definition
- change attachment styles
- overestimate similarities to partner
- change attitudes to fit with partner
Term
Monogomy
Definition
marriage custom in which 1 man marries 1 woman
Term
Polygamy
Definition
marriage involving more than one partner
Term
Polyandry
Definition
1 woman marries more than 1 man

(the men are usually brothers who share limited resources)
Term
Polygyny
Definition
1 man marries more than 1 woman

(the man is usually very wealthy)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!