Term
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Definition
| behavioral, personal, and environmental factors constitute a system that mutually influence one another over time |
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Term
| 5 cognitive social person variables |
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Definition
encoding strategies: how we see things (categorize) experience
expectancies: what we think will happen
subjective values: what is worth having or doing?
self-regulatory systems and plans: how do we attain our goals?
competencies: what we are capable of doing |
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Term
| encoding strategies: how we see things |
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Definition
people not only select different aspects of the environment to attend to, but they also assign different meanings to the stimuli selected
provide some consistency in behavior
determine what aspects of the world are attended to and how they are interpreted |
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Term
| expectancies: what we think will happen |
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Definition
the most important variable for actual performance
behavior-outcome expectancy: what should i expect if i act this way?
stimulus-outcome expectancy: what should I expect to see next? |
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Term
| subjective values: what is worth having or doing |
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Definition
| EG: a student knows how to get an A on a term paper, but decides to not do it instead. One's values determine whether or not the other person variables will be translated into performance |
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Term
| self-regulatory system and plans: how do we attain our goals? |
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Definition
one feels good when performance standards are met and vice versa; thus, behavior is more intrinsically influenced
make it possible to attain future goals deemed important |
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Term
| competencies: what we are capable of doing |
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Definition
"tools", skills, concepts, and problem solving
not static memories that are mechanically activated by environmental stimuli, but rather active processes that can be used by the person to generate a wide variety of creative constructions or responses to any given situation
refer to what a person knows and what they're capable of doing |
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Term
| components of Bandura's self system |
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Definition
self regulated behavior: performance standards/intrinsic self approval
goals and plans
self efficacy: what one is capable of doing
perceived self-efficacy: what one thinks one can do |
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Term
| sources of information about self-efficacy |
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Definition
| performance, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| previous mastery strengthens one's perceived self-efficacy --- the reverse is also true |
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Term
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Definition
| if they can do it, I can do it |
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Term
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Definition
| encouragement from others |
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Term
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Definition
| how fearful or calm we are in a given situation |
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Term
| 8 self-exonerating mechanisms that excuse violations of moral standards |
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Definition
| moral justification, euphemistic labeling, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, disregard or distortion of consequences, dehumanization, and attribution of blame |
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Term
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Definition
EG: manifest destiny: there's a higher cause to accomplish what we're meant to do.
"I committed the crime to provide food for my family |
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Term
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Definition
calling a reprehensible act something other than what it really is
EG: "downsizing", "enhanced interrogation", watergate participants called themselves "team players" instead of criminal conspirators |
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Term
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Definition
promoters of the vietnamese war minimized the slaying of countless indochinese by US soldiers as a way of checking massive communist enslavement
EG: cousin wrecking $20000 car v. you breaking $200 lamp |
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Term
| displacement of responsibility |
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Definition
Nazi soldiers saying: I did it because I was ordered to
Milgram's obedience experiments with shock |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
collective crimes incriminate no one: says napoleon
EG: a group decision is easier to live with than an individual feeling solely responsible |
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Term
| disregard or distortion of consequences |
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Definition
the tobacco and gun industries have long used this technique, denying that their products harm others
EG: I just let the bomb go and it went into a cloud |
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Term
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Definition
demonizing the "enemy"
EG: Why not take their land? They're just savages without a soul |
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Term
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Definition
| EG: blaming women for being raped |
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Term
| what motivates human behavior? |
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Definition
| expectation of reinforcement |
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Term
| how did bandura study learning by observation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement that comes from observing the positive consequences of another person's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment that comes from observing negative consequences of another person's behavior |
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Term
| how did Bandura distinguish learning from performance? |
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Definition
learning: knowing - performance: doing
Bobo Doll experiment: when children were given incentives (stickers and juice) to show what the model did, the children in all 3 groups did so |
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Term
| what implications can you derive from Bandura's studies utilizing symbolic modeling and fictional television (including video games) |
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Definition
children who observed model punished performed fewer acts than children in the model reward or no consequences groups.
consequences affected children's performance of aggressive acts, but not their learning of how to behave aggressively; in other words, behavior-outcome expectancies |
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Term
| what are the process influencing observational learning? |
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Definition
attention: observing the model
retention: remembering what the model did
motor reproduction: doing what the model did
motivation: wanting it |
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Term
| attention: observing the model |
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Definition
characteristics of the model
EG: power, charisma, attractiveness, similarity to observeer |
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Term
| retention: remembering what the model did |
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Definition
| mental images, verbal instructions, and delayed modeling |
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Term
| motor reproduction: doing what the model did |
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Definition
| conception-making, duplicating what the model had shown |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement: information (behavior-outcome expectancy) |
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Term
| explain how psychological problems result from dysfunctional expectancies |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the major goal of psychotherapy? |
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Definition
| change the client's perceived self-efficacy |
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Term
| what does research show is the most effective method to address dysfunctional problems, such a phobias? |
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Definition
| live modeling with participation, followed by symbolic modeling, then systematic desensitization |
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Term
| what is the conclusion regarding the consistency of human behavior? |
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Definition
| that the correlation was about .30 - a weak correlation |
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Term
| what is Mischel's personality coefficient? |
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Definition
| quantification of the amount of consistency found in human behavior. He found that the correlation of behavior across time, similar situations, and between personality questionnaires and behavior was about .30: weak: which suggested that human behavior was not nearly as consistent as it had been widely assumed to be |
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Term
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Definition
| the persistent belief that human behavior is more consistent that is indicated by experimental evidence |
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Term
| what were Mischel's research findings concerning delay of gratification? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Mischel mean when he said that "self-control" is necessary to delay gratification? |
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Definition
| without self-control humans are as impulsive as nonhuman animals, and the goal-oriented behavior necessary for civilized living is impossible |
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Term
| criticisms of bandura and mischel |
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Definition
behavior is more consistent than social-cognitive theory claims
mental events cannot cause behavior
unfair to psychoanalytic theory
important aspects of personality are neglected
social-cognitive theory is not unified |
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