Term
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Definition
| only directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology; reference to all internal events can be and should be, avoided. |
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Definition
| behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus |
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Definition
behavior that cannot be linked to any known stimulus and therefore appears to be emitted rather than elicited
EG: complex behaviors like driving a car and playing an instrument |
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Definition
| a stimulus that, at the beginning of training, doesn't elicit a predictable response from an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that elicits an automatic, natural, and predictable response from an organism |
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Definition
| the natural and automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
all conditioned and unconditioned responses
EG: doctor hitting your knee triggers a response |
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Term
| type S conditioning (respondent conditioning) |
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Definition
| skinner used this term to describe classical conditioning to emphasize the importance of the stimulus (S) to such conditioning |
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Term
| type R conditioning (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| skinner used this term to describe the conditioning of operant or emitted behavior to emphasize the importance of the response (R) to such conditioning |
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Term
| the basic assumptions regarding behavior |
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Definition
| behavior is lawful, predicted, and can be controlled |
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Term
| how is a reinforcer characterized? |
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Definition
| by what it does, not what it is. |
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Term
| primary reinforcer (unconditioned) |
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Definition
no learning necessary; any stimulus that is positively or negative related to an organism's survival
EG: food, water, elimination, and sex |
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Term
| secondary reinforcer (conditioned) |
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Definition
originally neutral objects or events that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers
EG: money |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary reinforcers that are paired with more than one primary reinforcer |
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Term
| primary negative reinforcer |
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Definition
negative reinforcer that threatens an organism's survival
EG: pain or oxygen deprivation |
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Term
| primary positive reinforcer |
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Definition
positive reinforcer that enhances an organisms survival
EG: food or water |
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Term
| secondary negative reinforcer |
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Definition
| negative reinforcer that derives its reinforcing properties through its association with a primary negative reinforcer |
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Term
| secondary positive reinforcer |
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Definition
| positive reinforcer that derives its reinforcing properties through its association with a primary positive reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| a positive reinforcer is presented (added) following a desired behavior and the likelihood of behavior increases |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative reinforcer is removed (subtracted) following a desired behavior and the likelihood of behavior increases |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative reinforcer is presented (added) following an undesired behavior and the likelihood of behavior decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| a positive reinforcement is removed (subtracted) following an undesired behavior and the likelihood of behavior decreases |
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Term
| shortcomings of punishment |
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Definition
| unpredictable (EG: counterattack or aggression); it may produce undesirable emotional responses (EG: apathy, frustration), it indicated only what one should NOT do and doesn't give information of what one SHOULD do; it justifies inflicting pain on others |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual development of a response that an organism doesn't normally make; requires differential reinforcement and successive approximations. |
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Term
| differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| some responses are reinforced and others are not |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| responses that are closer and closer to the desired behavior are required to maintain reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to extend a particular behavior pattern from the situation (cues) in which it was originally learned to other similar situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond differently depending upon the situation (cues); that is, response that is made under one set of circumstances but not under others |
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Term
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Definition
weakening of an operant response by removing the reinforcer that had been following the response;
the withdrawal of reinforcement (when a reinforcer no longer follows a response) |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of the conditioned response after a pause, which suggests that extinction is actually inhibition rather than elimination of a response |
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Term
| reinforcement schedules (rules) |
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Definition
| the maintenance of behavior |
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Term
| continuous reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| every time the desired response occurs, it gets reinforced (100%) |
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Term
| partial/intermittent reinforcement schedules |
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Definition
only some of the responses are reinforced
(interval v. ratio ... etc) |
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Term
| fixed interval reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
reinforces a response that is made only after a specified interval of time has passed
EG: only the response made following a 30 second interval will be reinforced; salary worked, examinations not how "scalloped" it is |
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Term
| fixed ratio reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
based on number of responses; organism must make X number of responses before it is reinforced
EG: every 4th response is reinforced; commission, piecework pay) |
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Term
| variable interval reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
the organism is reinforced at the end of variable time intervals; rather than reinforcing the organism after a fixed interval of 10 seconds, it is reinforced ON AVERAGE 10 seconds.
EG: pop quizzes, hunting, fishing, a random kind word |
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Term
| variable ratio reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
the organism is reinforced on the basis of an average number of responses; that is, instead of being reinforced for every fourth response, it is reinforced on the average of every fourth response. The faster the organism responds, the more reinforcement it will obtain
EG: gambling, slot machines, the more contacts the salesperson has-the more likely they will make the sale |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| increases the rate or responding and increases resistance to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
behavior that develops under noncontingent reinforcement in which the organism seems to believe that a relationship exists between its actions and reinforcement, when in fact, there is no such relationship.
accidental connection between a reinforcer and a behavior: a reinforcer follows a response but it doesn't depend on that response |
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Term
| non-contingent reinforcement |
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Definition
reinforcement that occurs regardless of what the organism is doing
EG: rain dances |
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Term
| according to skinner, what is our biggest problem? |
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Definition
man's biggest problem is that his behavior is more easily influenced by small, but immediate and definite reinforcers than it is by large, but distant and uncertain reinforcers
EG: smokers smoke even though they KNOW it is harmful to their long term health |
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Term
| how did skinner suggest we deal with our biggest problem? |
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Definition
| make the future more immediate (contingency contracting) |
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Term
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Definition
agreement between two people that when one acts in an appropriate way, the other one gives him/her something of value
EG: $100 smoking example |
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Term
| skinner's version of behavior therapy |
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Definition
| therapy involves clearly specifying the desirable behaviors to be reinforced, and arranging reinforcement contingencies so they are responsive to the desirable behavior but not to the undesirable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
desirable behavior is reinforced by tokens that can be subsequently traded for desirable objects or events such as food, cigarettes, privacy, or a choice of a television program
tokens are generalized reinforcers |
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Term
| Walden Two (Cultural Engineering) |
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Definition
| childrearing should be communal, education should be related to practical situations, work should be productive, leisure time should be ample, personal relations should be cooperative and intimate, sex roles should be egalitarian |
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Term
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Definition
excessive generalization from nonhuman animals to animals
radical environmentalism
who controls the controllers? |
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Term
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Definition
applied value: it works! EG: Autism children
scientifically rigorous |
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Term
| skinners methods and emphases |
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Definition
| behavior therapy, contingency contracting, walden two (cultural engineering), and token economies |
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