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complex statistical technique based on the concept of correlation which Cattell and Eysenck used to discover and investigate personality traits
statistical procedure that correlated many variables together; factors = traits |
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| Cattell and Eysenck Trait paradigm |
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| focuses on genetic and biological factors, and measurement and scientific rigor |
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| what is the corner stone of factor analysis? |
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| the concept of correlation |
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| Cattell and Eysenck equated factors with what? |
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| for cattell, factor analysis is a method used... |
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| to discover traits that he regarded as the building blocks of personality |
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| for Eysenck, factors themselves are... |
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| subjected to additional analysis to discover what he calls superfactors/types |
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| Cattell's approach to research |
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| inductive reasoning; began without a specific guiding hypothesis, collected a large data set, and generated future hypotheses from patterns that emerged from the data. A way to measure many persons in as many ways as possible; |
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| cattell's 3 types of data |
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| (L=life); EG: he recorded everyday behavior of various persons such as how many accidents they had, the number of clubs they belonged to, and number of social contacts they had. This information is L-data |
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(Q=questionaire) includes performance on standard self-report inventories and various scales that measure attitudes, opinions, and interests.
Limitations: people lie to make themselves look better, and people may just not know much about themselves |
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(T=test) used to overcome Q-data limitations; gathered in situations in which examinees cannot know what aspect of their behavior is being evaluated.
EG: word association tests, inkblot tests, |
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| Eysenck's approach to research |
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hypothetico-deductive reasoning; he beings with an experimental hypothesis derived from an existing theory, logically deduces testable predictions from the hypothesis, and then gathers data to determine whether the predictions are accurate.
interested in the intercorrelations among primary traits/focused on factors that are more general |
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| Cattell's analysis of traits |
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| considered traits the building blocks of personality, and is the most important concept in his theory |
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groups of observations that are correlated
EG: people with more formal education may go to the movies less than people with less formal education do. The observations are superficial in that they explain nothing; they are a statement of what type of observed characteristics tend to be grouped together (correlated). Such characteristics have many causes |
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| the causes of behavior; they constitute the most important part of a person's personality structure and are ultimately responsible for all of a person's consistent behavior. Thus, every surface trait is caused by one or more source traits, and a source trait can influence several surface traits |
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| constitutional source traits |
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| environmental-mold traits |
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some source traits that a person possesses determine how effectively he/she works toward a desired goal
EG: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence |
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that form of general intelligence which is largely innate and which adapts itself to all kinds of material regardless of previous experience with it
65% influenced by genetics |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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a general factor, largely in a types of ability learned at school, representing the effect of past applications of fluid intelligence, and amount and intensity of schooling; it appears in such tests as vocabulary and number ability measures
60% influenced by genetics |
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genetically determined characteristics that determine a person's general "style and tempo"
they determine the speed, energy, and emotion with which a person responds to a situation' constitutional source traits that determine a person's emotionality |
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determine why a person typically responds to situations. they set a person in motion toward some goal; they are the motivational elements of personality.
ergs and metaergs |
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| dynamic, constitutional source trait (similar to what other theorists have called drives, needs, or instincts); provides energy for all behavior; innate |
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1. causes selective perception
2. stimulates emotional response to certain thoughts or objects
3. stimulates goal-directed behavior.
4. results in some sort of consummatory response |
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| environmental-mold, dynamic source trait; the same as an erg except for the origin; metaergs are learned |
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| major acquired dynamic trait structures which cause their possessors to pay attention to certain objects and to feel and react in a certain way with regard to them; usually centered around one's job, sports, religion, parents, etc. |
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| more specific than a sentiment, but is derived from a sentiment, which is in turn derived from an erg. "A tendency to respond in a particular way in a particular situation to a particular object/event" |
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earth: black bile
air: yellow bile
fire: blood
water: phlegm |
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black bile dominant: melancholy personality, and the individual is depressed and anxious
yellow bile dominant: choleric personality, which is expressed by excitability, anger, and assertiveness
excessive blood: a sanguine personality and is warm, optimistic, and easygoing
phlegm dominant: phlegmatic and therefore slow, lazy, lethargic, and calm |
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| when introverts experience neurotic disorders, they exhibit internalized symptoms such as anxiety, fatigue, sensitivity, and exhaustion. |
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| severely disordered neurotic introvert |
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| disordered neurotic extrovert |
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| Two major independent types/superfactors |
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| neuroticism (v. stability) (N), and extroversion (v. introversion) (E). |
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| neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness |
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| behavior not as consistent as factor theories suggest, excessive emphasis on groups and averages, and reification |
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| beyondism (cattell), farewell to mythical psychology (eysenck), and applied value |
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neuroticism: Woody Allen
extroversion: Bill Clinton
openness: Jacques Cousteau
agreeableness: Mother Theresa
Conscientiousness: Colin Powell |
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| "I often worry about things that are out of my control" is an example of which BIG 5? |
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| neuroticism: note, the opposite of this is emotional stability |
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| "I like lots of excitement in my life" is an example of which BIG 5? |
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| extroversion: they enjoy social situations, where as introverts do not |
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| "I have a lot of curiosity" is an example of which BIG 5? |
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| openness: more open people tend toward creativity and innovation where as less open people tend to favor the status quo |
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| "I am courteous" is an example of which BIG 5? |
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| agreeableness: people who score high on agreeableness are warm and considerate, whereas those who score low are cold and aloof |
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| "I keep my room neat and clean" is an example of which BIG 5? |
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| conscientious: these people are dependable, very organized, and methodical; opposite people are unreliable and disorganized |
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