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| a biological disorder caused by a defect on chromosome 15 |
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| stable individual differences in emotional reactivity |
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| conditioned responses can occur in response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus |
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| learning to tell the difference between different stimuli |
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| when the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus stops |
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| idea that a human is born as a blank slate |
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| systematic desentitization |
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| gradually extinguishing a phobia causing the feared stimulus to become dissociated from the fear response |
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| consequences of a behavior strengthen or weaken the behavior |
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| the changing of a behavior by manipulating its consequences |
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| fixed number of responses |
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| variable number of responses |
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| how ppl acquire beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and patterns of behavior through social experiences |
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| learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will produce particular situations |
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| a cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one's environment |
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| a schema for a familiar ritual |
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| Personal Construct Theory |
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| ppl actively endeavor to understand the world and construct their own theories about human behavior |
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| repeated exposure to an unavoidable punishment leads to the acceptance of avoidable punishment |
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| beiliefs about ones ability to affect outcomes |
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| internal locus of control |
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| outcomes are the result of ones own actions |
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| external locus of control |
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| believe events are beyond their personal control |
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| cognitive behavioral theory |
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| helps to change maladaptive thought patterns or cognitive distortions that may be contributing to depression |
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| a belief about how compentently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particualr situation |
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| a generalized structure or core tendency that underlies behavior across time and test situations |
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| organizing structures that ppl in a population share |
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| traits that are peculiar to the individual |
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| openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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| extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism |
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| the innate process by which one tends to grow spiritually and realize ones potential |
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| material abundance and co occuring with social recession and psychological depression |
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| early attempts of relating personality to the brain |
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| endomorphs, ectomorphs, mesomorphs |
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| muscular, large boned athletic types |
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| evolutionary personality theory |
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| modern application of Darwins ideas to individual differences in personality |
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| Addiction Prone Personality |
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| some ppl have natural defects or diease caused weaknesses in their neurotransmitters |
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| repeated pairing of an uncontrolled stimulus and a neutral stimulus that elicits an unconditioned natural response |
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| preceding response increases after the consequence occurs |
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| preceding response decreases after the consequence occurs |
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| occurs as a result of blocking efforts to attain a goal |
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| seek meaning in our environments, organize sensations into meaningful perceptions |
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| behavior is determined by interactions among a persons psychological structure, forces of the external environment, relationship between person and environment |
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| children progress through stages of cognitive development as they mature |
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| tend to organize events, objects, and ppl into categories |
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| a characteristic way of interpreting life events |
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| vicarious learning and modeling |
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| learning aggressive behavior, Albert Bandura |
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| ppl are more likely to initiate behaviors that they believe will lead to a positive outcome |
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| uses a limited set of adjectives or adjective dimensions to describe and scale individuals |
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| take into account each persons uniqueness |
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| an area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence |
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| a philosophical movement that emphasizes personal worth of the indivdual and importance of human values |
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| describes a direct mutual relationship in which each individual confirms the other person |
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| describes a utilitarian relationship in which a person uses others but does not value them for themselves |
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| a more mature love on the "being" level |
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| a love that is selfish and satisfies deficit needs |
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| Advantages of the Biological Approach? |
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| emphasizes the limits imposed by genetics, acknowledges the effects of biological influences on the reactions of the others and the environments that individuals choose, can be combined with other approaches |
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| Limits of Bioloigcal Approach? |
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| minimizes human potential for growth and change, danger of misuse by those who oversimplify its findings, dificult to capture consciousness |
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| Watson conditioned him to fear rats rats by associating a rat with a loud noise |
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| Advantages of the Behaviorist Learning Approach? |
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| requires rigorous empirical study, looks for general laws that apply to all organisms, forces attention to the environmental influences on behavior |
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| Limits of The Behaviorist and Learning Approach? |
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| ignores insights and advances for cognitive and social psychology, may tend to dehumanize unique human potentials, views humans as objects to be trained |
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| Advantages of the Cognitive Approach? |
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| explains personality through unique processes of cognition, captures active nature of human thought |
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| Disadvantages of Cognitive Approach? |
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| often ignores the unconsciousness and emotional aspects of personality, may under emphasize situational influences on behavior |
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| Advantages of the trait approach? |
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| simplifies personalities to a small number of basic dimensions, good assessment techniques, allows for comparison between individuals |
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| Limits of the Trait approach |
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| may label people on the basis of test scores, oversimplification |
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| limits of humanistic existentialism approach |
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| may avoid quantification and scientific method, insufficiently concerned with reason |
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| advantages of humanistic existentialism apprach |
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| emphasizes courageous struggle for self fulfillment, based on healthy, well adjusted individuals |
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