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PSY 233
Exam 2 Definitions Ohio University
71
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/09/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Angelman syndrome
Definition
a biological disorder caused by a defect on chromosome 15
Term
temperament
Definition
stable individual differences in emotional reactivity
Term
generalization
Definition
conditioned responses can occur in response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
Term
discrimination
Definition
learning to tell the difference between different stimuli
Term
extinction
Definition
when the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus stops
Term
tabula rasa approach
Definition
idea that a human is born as a blank slate
Term
systematic desentitization
Definition
gradually extinguishing a phobia causing the feared stimulus to become dissociated from the fear response
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
consequences of a behavior strengthen or weaken the behavior
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
the changing of a behavior by manipulating its consequences
Term
fixed interval
Definition
fixed time intervals
Term
fixed ration
Definition
fixed number of responses
Term
variable intervals
Definition
variable time intervals
Term
variable ration
Definition
variable number of responses
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
how ppl acquire beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and patterns of behavior through social experiences
Term
Habitat Hierarchy
Definition
learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will produce particular situations
Term
schema
Definition
a cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one's environment
Term
script
Definition
a schema for a familiar ritual
Term
Personal Construct Theory
Definition
ppl actively endeavor to understand the world and construct their own theories about human behavior
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
repeated exposure to an unavoidable punishment leads to the acceptance of avoidable punishment
Term
locus of control
Definition
beiliefs about ones ability to affect outcomes
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
outcomes are the result of ones own actions
Term
external locus of control
Definition
believe events are beyond their personal control
Term
cognitive behavioral theory
Definition
helps to change maladaptive thought patterns or cognitive distortions that may be contributing to depression
Term
self efficacy
Definition
a belief about how compentently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particualr situation
Term
trait
Definition
a generalized structure or core tendency that underlies behavior across time and test situations
Term
common traits
Definition
organizing structures that ppl in a population share
Term
personal dispositions
Definition
traits that are peculiar to the individual
Term
The Big Five
Definition
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Term
Eysencks Big Three
Definition
extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
Term
self actualization
Definition
the innate process by which one tends to grow spiritually and realize ones potential
Term
American Paradox
Definition
material abundance and co occuring with social recession and psychological depression
Term
Phrenology
Definition
early attempts of relating personality to the brain
Term
Somatotypes
Definition
endomorphs, ectomorphs, mesomorphs
Term
endomorphs
Definition
supposedly good natured
Term
mesomorphs
Definition
muscular, large boned athletic types
Term
ectomorphs
Definition
slender, bookworm types
Term
evolutionary personality theory
Definition
modern application of Darwins ideas to individual differences in personality
Term
Sir Francis Galton
Definition
began eugenics movement
Term
Addiction Prone Personality
Definition
some ppl have natural defects or diease caused weaknesses in their neurotransmitters
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
repeated pairing of an uncontrolled stimulus and a neutral stimulus that elicits an unconditioned natural response
Term
radical determinism
Definition
all behavior is caused
Term
reinforcement
Definition
preceding response increases after the consequence occurs
Term
punishment
Definition
preceding response decreases after the consequence occurs
Term
agression
Definition
occurs as a result of blocking efforts to attain a goal
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
seek meaning in our environments, organize sensations into meaningful perceptions
Term
Field Theory
Definition
behavior is determined by interactions among a persons psychological structure, forces of the external environment, relationship between person and environment
Term
Piagets Theory
Definition
children progress through stages of cognitive development as they mature
Term
categorization
Definition
tend to organize events, objects, and ppl into categories
Term
explanatory style
Definition
a characteristic way of interpreting life events
Term
observational Learning
Definition
vicarious learning and modeling
Term
Bobo Doll Experiment
Definition
learning aggressive behavior, Albert Bandura
Term
outcome expectancy
Definition
ppl are more likely to initiate behaviors that they believe will lead to a positive outcome
Term
trait approach
Definition
uses a limited set of adjectives or adjective dimensions to describe and scale individuals
Term
idiographic methods
Definition
take into account each persons uniqueness
Term
existentialism
Definition
an area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence
Term
humanism
Definition
a philosophical movement that emphasizes personal worth of the indivdual and importance of human values
Term
I thou dialogue
Definition
describes a direct mutual relationship in which each individual confirms the other person
Term
I It dialogue
Definition
describes a utilitarian relationship in which a person uses others but does not value them for themselves
Term
B love
Definition
a more mature love on the "being" level
Term
D love
Definition
a love that is selfish and satisfies deficit needs
Term
Advantages of the Biological Approach?
Definition
emphasizes the limits imposed by genetics, acknowledges the effects of biological influences on the reactions of the others and the environments that individuals choose, can be combined with other approaches
Term
Limits of Bioloigcal Approach?
Definition
minimizes human potential for growth and change, danger of misuse by those who oversimplify its findings, dificult to capture consciousness
Term
Whos Little Albert?
Definition
Watson conditioned him to fear rats rats by associating a rat with a loud noise
Term
Advantages of the Behaviorist Learning Approach?
Definition
requires rigorous empirical study, looks for general laws that apply to all organisms, forces attention to the environmental influences on behavior
Term
Limits of The Behaviorist and Learning Approach?
Definition
ignores insights and advances for cognitive and social psychology, may tend to dehumanize unique human potentials, views humans as objects to be trained
Term
Advantages of the Cognitive Approach?
Definition
explains personality through unique processes of cognition, captures active nature of human thought
Term
Disadvantages of Cognitive Approach?
Definition
often ignores the unconsciousness and emotional aspects of personality, may under emphasize situational influences on behavior
Term
Advantages of the trait approach?
Definition
simplifies personalities to a small number of basic dimensions, good assessment techniques, allows for comparison between individuals
Term
Limits of the Trait approach
Definition
may label people on the basis of test scores, oversimplification
Term
limits of humanistic existentialism approach
Definition
may avoid quantification and scientific method, insufficiently concerned with reason
Term
advantages of humanistic existentialism apprach
Definition
emphasizes courageous struggle for self fulfillment, based on healthy, well adjusted individuals
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