Term
| What did Sir Francis Galton believe was the mechanism, or determinant of intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
Intelligence determined by
biological capacity or heredity |
|
|
Term
Sir Francis Galton attempted to measure biological or
psychophysical capacity for
intelligence by conducting what type of tests? (L16) |
|
Definition
| behavioral tests of reaction time (neural speed) and perceptual acuity |
|
|
Term
| What was Alfred Binet's major contribution to our understanding of measuring intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
| By mandate of the French government to identify special children from typically developing he devised test items to measure mental age |
|
|
Term
| What is the operational definition of mental age? (L16) |
|
Definition
| the average level of intelligence for a given age |
|
|
Term
| What scale or test WAS most commonly used to measure intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What scale or test IS most commonly used to measure intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
| Wechsler intelligence scales |
|
|
Term
| What did Henry Goddard suggest about the word 'moron' and the cause of feeble-mindedness? Furthermore, what did he suggest was the cure for feeble-mindedness? (L16) |
|
Definition
Suggested word 'moron' for highest
grade of mental deficiency; Feeble-mindedness is due to a single
recessive gene. Recommended sterilization to eliminate feeble-mindedness |
|
|
Term
| What is Goddard's 'legacy' or the product of his publishings and ideas? (L16) |
|
Definition
| States legislated involuntary sterilization; his book led to the 1924 Immigration Act and the German Eugenics movement |
|
|
Term
| What was Buck vs. Bell AND what was the conclusion by the Supreme Court? (L16) |
|
Definition
Dispute regarding whether forced sterilization can be applied
to people in mental institutions;upheld the legal right of the state of
Virginia to sterilize a young mother
– ''Three generations of imbeciles are enough.'' |
|
|
Term
| What is Spearman's hypothesis on general intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
performance on different
mental tests reflect a single factor "g" |
|
|
Term
| What was Howard Gardner's take(s) on intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
| Believes that there are multiple intelligences such as Language, Musical Thinking, and Intrapersonal |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of intelligence that make up Sternberg |
|
Definition
Analytic
Creative
Practical |
|
|
Term
What are social sensitivity of members
and turn taking predictive of? (L16) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cattell proposed what types of intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Wechsler IQ test seeks to measure what two types of intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are IQ tests good for? (L16) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do twin studies suggests about heredity and its influence on intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
Twin studies suggest heredity accounts for ~50% of IQ variation
across individuals |
|
|
Term
| What thickness in frontal lobe is somewhat predictive of IQ? (L16) |
|
Definition
| Cortical Thickness in frontal lobe is somewhat predictive of IQ. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Flynn Effect"? (L16) |
|
Definition
IQs increasing worldwide over the last century; Increases of about 10–20 points per generation; Rapid IQ changes must be environmental, but
exact causes hard to isolate |
|
|
Term
| What is the Floor Effect? (L16) |
|
Definition
| The idea that negative gene-environment interactions in which genes play a small role because the environment taints all aspects |
|
|
Term
| How important is environment in the context of gene-environment interactions? (L16) |
|
Definition
suboptimal environments can seriously
stunt the normal range of human cognitive development |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence? (L16) |
|
Definition
Fluid Intelligence (Gf) – ability to solve novel (abstract) problems
in an adaptive flexible manner;
Crystallized intelligence (Gc) – Ability to solve familiar problems
based on previous knowledge |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between fluid intelligence (Gf) and DLPFC activity? (L16) |
|
Definition
| Individuals with higher Gf's show greater DLPFC activation |
|
|
Term
| What is the the Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective regarding IQ? (L16) |
|
Definition
| Because the functions involved in IQ recruit many different brain areas (networks) it is hard to isolate single brain areas in relation to IQ. |
|
|
Term
| Why is tool shaping and use in crows perhaps different than in most animals? (L17) |
|
Definition
Juvenile crows raised alone
also show tool use, suggesting
skill is innate |
|
|
Term
| Why do Suddendorf and Corballis (1997) argue that mental time travel is uniquely human? (L17) |
|
Definition
animals other than humans cannot anticipate future need
or drive states, and are therefore bound to a present that is
defined by their current motivational state |
|
|
Term
| What is Theory of Mind? (L17) |
|
Definition
| The ability to know and represent another's mental state, including their beliefs, goals, intentions, and emotional states |
|
|
Term
| Explain Dog Social Cognition and their ability to understand pointing? (L17) |
|
Definition
Dogs will search more often for hidden food in location where human is pointing
– Insensitive to gaze direction, just pointing
– Puppies with minimal human contact show same behavior → innate |
|
|
Term
| What are Executive Functions? (L18-19) |
|
Definition
Higher cognitive functions that allow
people to perform adaptive goal-directed
behaviors |
|
|
Term
| What is a prepotent response? (L18-19) |
|
Definition
| Responses that are fast and automatic, because highly overlearned or rewarded in the past |
|
|
Term
| What is functional fixedness? (L17) |
|
Definition
| Failure to fully inhibit a prepotent response |
|
|
Term
| What is the Stroop Task used to measure? (L18-19) |
|
Definition
| Compliance with Rules to Inhibit Automatic/Prepotent Responses |
|
|
Term
| Why is the Stroop Task so hard? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
Word naming is highly overlearned, an
automatic response to seeing words. Must attend to color (task-relevant) and ignore word identity (task-irrelevent) |
|
|
Term
| What area is activated by the Stroop Task? (L18-19) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of connectivity does the PFC have with other brain areas that would make us say that it 'well-situated'? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
| Situated in the front for sending top-down signals to regulate other brain areas. |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary functions of the Lateral PFC? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
| Regulation of rule-guided behavior and working memory; organization and planning |
|
|
Term
| Why might working memory activity in the PFC be important to non-automatic rule and goal learning? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
The goal or rule for a task may need to be
actively maintained in working memory if it
is not overlearned / automatic
– Switching to a new rule also requires
updating information in working memory |
|
|
Term
Neuroimaging Studies of Task Switching:
Updating Rules in the Brain caused which brain area to be activated and suggests that the update of working memory? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neuroimaging Studies of Task Switching:
Updating Rules in the Brain caused which brain area to be activated and suggests that the update of working memory? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 overlapping factors that make complex rules hard to learn? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
1. Simple S-R association is sufficient
2. Different ways of responding to same stimulus (multiple rule sets)
3. Must shift between response sets by inhibiting old and using the appropriate new rule. |
|
|
Term
The main impairments in Patients
with Lateral PFC Damage is what? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
| Difficulty learning subsequent rules and perseveration errors |
|
|
Term
| What does the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task measure? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
| An individual's ability to follow subsequent rules and perseverate correctly |
|
|
Term
| What is a theory of the function of the ACC? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
detecting one's own mistakes; ACC may show graded activity,
depending on how much response
conflict (or incompatibility) is
occurring |
|
|
Term
| Where is Error-Related Negativity (ERN) believed to originate from? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is apraxia? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
impaired ability to perform single
actions (severe), multiple action sequences(less severe) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three views on volition? (L18,19) |
|
Definition
(A) Decisive Driver (the naïve view)
(B) Volitional Veto (Libet's view)
(C) Pious Passenger (epiphenomenon view) |
|
|
Term
| What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion? (L20) |
|
Definition
| Physiological response leads to the emotional state |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion? (L20) |
|
Definition
Emotion-arousing stimuli
simultaneously trigger:
– Physiological responses
– Subjective experience of
emotion |
|
|
Term
What is Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
of Emotion? (L20) |
|
Definition
Emotional
experience requires
both:
– Physiological arousal
– Cognitive label of
aroused state |
|
|
Term
| What is Duchenne most well-known for? (L20) |
|
Definition
| Researching the anatomy of a smile and facial expressions |
|
|
Term
| What Brain Areas are Involved in Perceiving and Experiencing Emotions? (L20) |
|
Definition
Amygdala
• Insula
• Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
– Also called orbitofrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the Simulation Theory and what does it predict? (L20) |
|
Definition
| Seeing another person's emotion leads to a mirrored brain response, leading to a similar emotional experience in oneself; Prediction: common brain areas should be involved in perceiving and experiencing emotion |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? (L20) |
|
Definition
Loss of understanding of the emotional
significance of objects |
|
|
Term
What types of emotions activate
the amygdala? (L20) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major impairment among patients with amygdala damage? (L20) |
|
Definition
| greater impairment at recognizing fearful faces |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the insula? (L20) |
|
Definition
– Pain perception and processing
– Processing of certain emotions
Insula shows activations to disgusting
expressions and disgusting experiences |
|
|
