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| The physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture). |
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| The developmental stage from birth to 1 year of age. |
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| The developmental period from infancy to the onset of puberty. |
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| The years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. |
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| The stage of life after adolescence, including emerging, early, middle, and older adulthood. |
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| The process whereby an egg stored in the woman’s ovaries matures and is released into the fallopian tube. |
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| The first 10-14 days after conception. |
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| The status of a zygote once it is implanted in the uterine wall. |
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| Acting as a cushion as well as a temperature regulator, it is the fluid-filled reservoir in which the fetus lives until birth. |
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| The organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the fetus and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material. |
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| A cord that links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the embryo from the mother. |
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| The stage of the embryo from 9 weeks after conception to birth. The defining aspect of the fetal stage is growth. |
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| Any harmful material that can bypass the filter in the placenta and pass from the mother to the fetus. |
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| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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| The detrimental effect of large amounts of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development. |
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| Decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession. |
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| A procedure that uses the principles of habituation to allow researchers to infer the cognitive processes of newborns. |
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| A pattern of knowledge in long-term memory that helps us organize information. |
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| The use of an already developed schema to understand new information. |
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| The change of an existing schema on the basis of new information. |
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| A stage of Piaget’s model of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, in which the baby perceives the environment through the senses and motor skills. |
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| The ability to be aware of an object’s existence even when it is not visible. |
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| A stage of Piaget’s cognitive development model, lasting from 2 to 7 years of age, in which children become capable of forming mental images. |
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| unable to readily see and understand another person's perspective |
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| The ability to take another person’s viewpoint. |
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| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| A stage of Piaget’s cognitive development model, between ages 7 to 11 years, in which children begin to use concepts of time, space, and numbers more accurately, and are able to use deductive or reversible reasoning. |
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| The understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object. |
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| A stage of Piaget’s cognitive development model, reached by children 11 years and older, in which they begin to think in abstract terms. |
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| Vygotsky’s theory that explains how higher level cognitive thinking develops as a result of social interaction. |
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| A schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles. |
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| A shared cultural definition of what it means to be masculine or feminine. |
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| Shared cultural expectations about the appropriate behavior for each gender. |
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| According to this theory, observational learning or modeling determines what will be learned while other variables, such as reinforcement, influence the strength of that learning. |
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| Sandra Bem’s theory that a child actively processes gender specific information because it is culturally important. The child then forms and subsequently modifies schemas that provide the structure for gender classification. |
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| The strong need of an infant to be close to the primary caregiver. |
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| the innate need for physical closeness. Contact comfort is believed to be the basis for attachment. |
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| A measure of attachment in young children in which the child’s behaviors are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment. |
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| The diagnosis for an infant who does not grow, develop, or gain weight on schedule. |
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| A major depression which occurs within a year of childbirth, usually within the first month after delivery. |
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| The innate personality characteristics of an infant. |
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| longitudinal research design |
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| Research in which individuals are studied over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages. |
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| cross-sectional research design |
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| A research design in which comparisons are made between samples of people at different ages. |
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| Refers to the possibility that differences in cognition or behavior at two points in time may be caused by differences that are unrelated to the changes in age. The differences might instead be due to environmental factors that affect an entire age group. |
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| A ceremony or ritual time period that marks a transition. Rites of passage between childhood and adulthood have included the Quinceañera, Debutante Balls, the Vision Quest, Bar Mitzvah, and many other culturally specific events. |
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| The ages between 18 years and the middle or late 20s when the adolescent is first becoming an adult. |
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| A developmental stage in adolescence in which hormonal changes create rapid physical changes in the body. |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| The organs concerned with reproduction, including the testicles and the penis in boys and the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in girls. |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| Physical features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but that are not involved in reproduction. |
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| The first menstrual period. |
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| The part of the self-concept that is derived from one’s group memberships. |
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| The individual at this level of moral reasoning focuses on self interest, including rewards and punishment. |
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| The level of moral reasoning where people care about the opinions of others and care about the effects of decisions on others. |
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| postconventional morality |
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| Individuals at this level use abstract reasoning to justify behaviors and decisions. |
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| The ages between 25 and 45. |
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| The ages between 45 and 65. |
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| Parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent-child interactions. |
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| The cessation of the menstrual cycle, which usually occurs at around age 50. |
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| The culturally preferred “right time” for major life events, such as moving out of the house, getting married, and having children. |
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| The final stage of life, beginning at about age 65. |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| A person’s accumulated general knowledge about the world, including semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language. |
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| The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly. |
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| A progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities, which affect social and occupational functioning. |
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Definition
| A form of dementia that originates in the cerebral cortex and is ultimately fatal. |
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