Term
| What does the term "idiographic" mean? |
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Definition
| The study of individuals/unique facts or events |
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Term
| Personality is composed of what 2 components? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring, stable components of personality |
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Term
| What 2 "units of measurement" compose structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between traits and types? |
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Definition
Traits are single personality characteristics that can vary along a continuum (eg. a bit optimistic, very optimistic).
Types are constellations of traits recognized in many individuals. All or nothing ("Type A or Type B) |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological reactions that change dynamically. Rapid flow of changes depending on situation |
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Term
| What 3 components compose "process"? |
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Definition
| Motivation, emotion and action |
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Term
| What are the 5 goals of someone who develops Personality Theory? (Validity of any theory is evaluated based on these 5 things) |
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Definition
1. Scientific
2. Systematic
3. Testable
4. Comprehensive (explains entire personality)
5. Applicable (from theory to practice) |
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Term
| What is the most disputed of these 5 traits? |
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Definition
| Testability. (Some personality traits are presumed to "exist" but are extremely difficult to test. Eg. unconscious processing) |
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Term
| What 3 fields does personality research try to explain? |
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Definition
1. Human universals (traits all humans possess)
2. Human differences (different traits between people, but broad enough to recognize as distinct "traits")
3. Individual uniqueness: Combinations and qualities that make each individual's personality unique |
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Term
| 4 defining qualities of personality |
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Definition
1. Enduring (stable over time)
2. Distinctive (differ between people)
3. Contribute to (influence behavior, thoughts, emotions)
4. Feeling thinking and behaving (traits encompass all aspects of the person) |
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Term
| Research: What does "LOTS" of data stand for? |
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Definition
L-data: Life data: hospital records, criminal records, history, family interview
O-data: Observer data.
T-data: Data that can be gained from standardized tests
S-data: Self-report (questionnaires, etc) |
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Term
| What two types of data generally conflict? |
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Definition
| s-data and t-data (self-perception differs from actual results on tests of personality, behavior, etc) |
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Term
| What two types of research methods are used in personality research? |
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Definition
| Fixed and flexible methods |
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Term
| What 3 factors are needed for a study to be considered experimental? |
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Definition
| Control group, randomization and manipulation of 1 or more variables |
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Term
| Fixed methods are _______ while flexible methods are __________ |
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Definition
| Fixed methods are nomothetic (seek to determine "laws" of behavior through numbers). Flexible methods are idiographic (interested in unique, individual descriptions) |
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Term
| True or false: One can gather massive amounts of research data on personality and formulate a theory from it. |
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Definition
| False: Theory cannot be created by first gathering data and studying it. Must make a theory and test it. |
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Term
| A test with ______ validity will be empirically distinct from other tests that already exist |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Freud's view of the mind? |
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Definition
| Freud viewed the mind as an energy system that directed instinct. The mind is a closed system with a limited amount of energy. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted into another form (eg. conscious to unconscious). The main goal of the mind is to achieve a state of peace. |
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Term
| What two "drives" power the mind according to Freud? |
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Definition
| Sexual and aggressive drives |
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Term
| What were Freud's 3 "levels" of consciousness? |
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Definition
Conscious: Available information
Pre-conscious: Information we are not immediately aware of, but could access if we wanted to
Unconscious: Contents we are not aware and cannot access except in special circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurological disorder with no apparent physical cause |
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Term
| The structure of Freud's theory was composed of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of Freud's structure acts as the "mediator" between the other two? |
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Definition
| Ego: Flexible depending on circumstances, can distinguish fantasy from reality, seeks to please both the id and superego |
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Term
| In dreams, "manifest content" is _________ while "latent content" is __________. |
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Definition
Manifest content: The storyline of the dream
Latent content: unconscious ideas or emotions. The real "meaning". |
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Term
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Definition
| The life instinct: The source of all psychic energy, the drive to remain alive |
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Term
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Definition
| Instinctual drive to preserve self and species. Self (ego) drive is aggression and species-preservation drive is sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "death instinct": That all individuals subconsciously want to die in order to reach a calm state |
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Term
| What has research suggested about denial? |
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Definition
| Denial is overall thought to be unhealthy. But some research suggests distorted sense of self can be adaptive and perhaps even essential for mental health |
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Term
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Definition
| Tension is originally caused by someone or something. This tension is taken out on a different target less threatening than the actual source. ("Kicking the dog") |
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Term
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Definition
| People defend against their own negative qualities by projecting them onto others |
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Term
| Why do people "project" as a defense mechanism? |
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Definition
| People dwell on the qualities they like least about themselves. By thinking constantly about their least favourite qualities, these become the most easily-accessible thoughts. One interprets others actions using the most easily-available thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| The troubling thought or impulse is not denied consciousness, but is denied the normal accompanying emotion. (Eg. a woman thinks about shaking her crying baby without feeling the anger or frustration) |
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Term
| Define "reaction formation" |
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Definition
| An individual defends against an unacceptable impulse by expressing the exact opposite of this impuse |
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Term
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Definition
| An impulse is explained in more rational or acceptable terms |
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Term
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Definition
| An unacceptable goal or drive is replaced by a more "noble" or acceptable goal that still fulfills that drive. Eg. a desire to see blood is sublimated by becoming a surgeon or butcher rather than killing small animals) |
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Term
| Freud's definition of "civilization" is explained by which defense mechanism? |
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Definition
| Sublimation (People suppress animal urges by channeling them into constructive, more peaceful projects) |
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Term
| What were the results of Morokoff's study on women, "sex guilt" and sexual arousal? |
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Definition
| Women high in sex guilt reported less arousal, but physiologically measured more arousal. Suggests guilt leads to repression or denial of impulses |
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Term
| What were the results of Davis and Schwartz' study on repression and childhood memory recall? |
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Definition
| Repressors recalled fewer negative childhood memories, and were significantly older by the time they recalled their first negative memory |
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Term
| At what stage does the Oedipus Complex emerge? |
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Definition
| Phallic stage (4 and 5 years) |
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Term
| What did Erikson add to Freud's stages of development? |
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Definition
| Erikson felt development was also psychosocial. At each stage, the individual must face a conflict in which a social milestone is established |
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Term
| Which of Erikson's stages correspond with which of Freud's stages? |
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Definition
Oral: Trust vs. misrust
Anal: Autonomy vs. self-doubt
Phallic: Initiative vs. guilt
Latent stage: Industry vs. inferiority
Genital: Identity vs. role confusion |
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Term
| Who developed the 4 Statuses of Identity Formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 statuses of identity formation |
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Definition
Identity Achievement
Identity Foreclosure
Identity Moratorium
Identity Diffusion |
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Term
| Why is psychodynamic material difficult to study? |
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Definition
| Assessments should be valid and quick. However, the mere mention of a disturbing event can activate defense mechanisms and make the memory difficult to access. |
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Term
| Freud's technique was free association, which was valid but not _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A more efficient method established for psychodynamic applications was: |
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Definition
| Projective tests (Rorschach and TAT) |
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Term
| What are some complications of projective tests? |
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Definition
1. May predict some outcomes but not others (may reveal negative affect, but not anxiety)
2. There are different ways of interpreting tests.
3. Psychological testing is NOT a strength of the psychodynamic model |
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Term
| How does "fixation" occur? |
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Definition
| When an individual acquired too little OR too much gratification at any stage, they become fixated on that stage and cannot move on to the next. |
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Term
| What is the "oral" personality type? |
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Definition
| Pleasure from oral activities (eating, smoking, gum), narcissistic, see others only in terms of what they can give, always asking for something |
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Term
| What is the "anal" personality type? |
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Definition
| Rigid, clean, desires control and order |
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Term
| What is the "anal triad"? |
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Definition
| "Orderliness and cleanliness", "parsimony (being careful with money or resources) and stinginess", and "obstinacy" |
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Term
| How is the "phallic" personality type different for men and women? |
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Definition
Men: "macho man": Participates overly in manly activities, must always demonstrate his masculinity
Female: Hypersexual,idealistic, seductive |
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Term
| If ____, psychoanalysis frees people to resume normal development |
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Definition
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Term
| If _____, psychoanalysis redistributes energy so more is available for mature, gratifying activities |
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Definition
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Term
| If _________, psychoanalysis makes conscious what was unconscious so the ego can take control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The patient's development of attitudes toward the analyst that reflect attitudes toward earlier parental figures. |
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Term
| True or false: Psychoanalysis is the only field that uses transference as treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was Alfred Adler different from Freud? |
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Definition
| Put more emphasis on social urges and conscious thoughts. Was interested in bodily inferiorities and how people compensate for them |
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Term
| According to Adler, what was the most important determinant of how someone's personality functions? |
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Definition
| Feelings of inferiority and how people cope with it |
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Term
| How did Jung differ from Freud's original views? |
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Definition
| Thought Freud focused too much on sex, felt Freud was too backward-looking (saw personality as a progressive process. Jung emphasized evolutionary aspect of the mind |
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Term
| What is the "collective unconscious"? |
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Definition
| Idea that the human mind unconsciously holds the cumulative experiences of past humans throughout history, and that this unconscious information is universal |
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Term
| How is the collective unconscious visible to humans? |
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Definition
| Demonstrated through "archetypes": Symbolic representations of ideas. Seen in myths, dreams, fairy tales. Repetitive "representations" in society. |
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Term
| What is the "evidence" for archetypes being part of a collective unconscious? |
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Definition
| Their universality across cultures (found in all parts of the world, all cultures) |
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Term
| What was Jung's central theory? |
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Definition
| People struggle between opposing forces. Every person's task is to integrate and balance various opposing forces in one's mind. |
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Term
| What are "anima" and "animus"? |
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Definition
| The male (anima) and female (animus) parts of ourselves. |
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Term
| What symbol did Jung use to demonstrate the the struggle for knowledge about our "true selves"? |
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Definition
| Mandalas (Sanskrit word for "circle") |
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Term
| What is "counter-transference"? |
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Definition
| When the psychoanalyst accidentally transfers THEIR conflicts and attitudes back to the patient |
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Term
| What did Karen Horney emphasize? |
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Definition
| Role of culture in neurosis: Culture plays the biggest role in determining a person's identity/personality |
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Term
| What are Karen Horney's 3 methods of coping? |
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Definition
1. Moving toward (excessive need for affection, acceptance)
2. Moving against (assumes the world is hostile, becomes aggressive and defensive) --> ANTI-SOCIAL
3. Moving away (Develop detachment, shrink away from society) --> ASOCIAL |
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Term
| What is "object relations" theory? |
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Definition
| How experiences with important people in the past are represented in personality. Focuses on mental representations of relationships with objects. In this theory, "objects" are the thing toward which the drive is directed. "Significant objects" are people |
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Term
| What is the difference between object-relations and self-psychology theories? |
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Definition
| Object-relations emphasizes mental representations of relations with other people, self-psychology refers to mental representation of oneself |
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Term
| Who said "All person's seek development, control over the self and positive self-image." |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the results of Rhodewalt and Morf's study on narcissism and failure? |
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Definition
| People high in narcissism were more vulnerable to swings in self esteem, reacted with anger when encountering failure, ESPECIALLY when a failure followed a success. More likely to attribute success to self and failure to the test. |
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Term
| Who developed Attachment Theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Who developed the procedure for determining "attachment styles"? |
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Definition
| Mary Ainsworth (not to be confused with Bowlby, who developed the theory) |
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Term
| What proportions of the children in the attachment-style experiment demonstrated secure, anxious and ambivalent behavior? |
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Definition
Secure attachment: 70%
Anxious ambivalent: 20%
Anxious avoidant: 10% |
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Term
| What were the results of Hazen and Shaver's research on adult romantic relationships and attachment style? |
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Definition
| Three groups mirrored child attachment styles: Secure (realistic) avoidant (skeptical) and anxious-ambivalent (easy to fall in love, hard to find true love) |
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Term
| What 4th attachment style was added by Bartholomew? |
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Definition
| Dismissive: Not comfortable with close relationships, prefer not to depend on others, but retain positive self-image |
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Term
| How does Freud's theory stack up in terms of the 5 goals of theorists? |
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Definition
Very systematic (all themes interrelate in a coherent way)
Not testable (so flexible it is impossible to be proven wrong)
Very comprehensive
Good application (major strength of psychoanalytic theory) |
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Term
| What is the phenomenological approach? |
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Definition
| Investigating people's conscious experience of the world, and how they make sense of it. The world is NOT an objective reality, but a subjective experience that differs from person to person |
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Term
| Where did phenomenology get its name? |
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Definition
| Immanuel Kant: Distinguished between "noumenal" (objects on their own, independent of the observer) and "phenomena" (the object in terms of how it is experienced) |
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Term
| Who is the founder of phenomenology? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Rogers, what is the fundamental motivation of humans? (The personality process in phenomenological approach?) |
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Definition
| Toward positive growth/self-actualization |
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Term
| The structure of phenomenology is a total system of perceptions and meanings. This is known as _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What two "selfs" are used in phenomenological approach? |
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Definition
| Actual self and ideal-self |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of cards with personality characteristics. Individual sorts cards based on categories from "least" to "most" similar to themselves. |
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Term
| What is a semantic differential? |
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Definition
| Individual rates self-concept on a 7-point scale using polar adjectives. Both measures have fixed and flexible measures. |
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Term
| According to Rogers, what was the function of personality? |
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Definition
| To maintain consistency between actual-self and ideal-self. To achieve congruence between self and what one experiences (striving toward the ideal self) |
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Term
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Definition
| Becoming aware that an experience is discrepent with self-concept before it reaches consciousness |
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Term
| According to phenomenological approach, why does anxiety occur? |
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Definition
| Discrepency between experience and perception of self. |
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Term
| What are the two defenses in phenomenology? |
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Definition
Distortion: Allow the experience to become conscious, but distort the meaning/explanation
Denial: Deny existance of the experience |
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Term
| What is "positive regard" |
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Definition
| The need to be accepted/liked. If it is given unconditionally as a child, the individual is confident and does not deny environmental experience. If it is given under certain circumstances, the individual may feel "conditions of worth" |
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Term
| What 3 factors are needed for psychological change in phenomenological approach? |
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Definition
1. Congruence between thoughts and experience
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Empathetic understanding |
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Term
| What intangible "healing" concept is involved in Rogerian treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Maslow's hierarchy? |
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Definition
| Biological needs, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization |
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Term
| What movement did Maslow advocate? |
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Definition
| The human potential movement |
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Term
| Who invented the "broaden and build" theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Match between skills and environmental challenge, high level of focused attention, enjoyment of activity, loss of self-consciousness (Csikszent) |
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