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Definition
| Person develops a belief by relying in somone very influential |
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Definition
| Knowledge is derived from reasoning |
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Definition
| Knowledge is derived through direct observation or experience |
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Definition
| What everybody knows or should know |
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Definition
| "Feeling of knowledge" -sudden insight |
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Definition
A means of systematically asking questions about some natural phenomenon.
(most reliable way to develop a belief) |
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Definition
| Involves a series of assumptions and features |
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Scientific Thinking:
Determinism |
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Definition
| All events have causes, events are predictible to a certain degree |
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Scientific Thinking:
Discoverability |
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Definition
| Causes can be discovered by using scientific methods |
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Scientific Thinking:
Objectivity |
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Definition
Occurs when:
-results can be reproduced by someone else
-peer review |
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Scientific Thinking:
Systematic Empiricism (data driven) |
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Definition
| Conclusions about behavior should be supported by data collected scientifically. |
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Scientific Thinking:
Conclusions Subject To Revision |
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Definition
| Conclusions drawn from data are always tentative |
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Scientific Thinking:
Empirical Questions |
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Definition
| Questions that can be answered by making objective observation |
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Term
Goals of Research In Psychology:
Describe Behavior |
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Definition
| identify regularly occuring sequence of events |
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Goals of Research In Psychology:
Explain Behavior |
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Definition
| Find out what caused the behavior |
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Goals of Research In Psychology:
Control Behavior |
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Definition
| Apply principles of behavior learned through psychological research |
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Term
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Definition
| field of inquiry that attempts to associate with true science |
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Term
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Definition
| Phrenology: The study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity |
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Term
| Characteristics of Pseudoscience |
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Definition
a) deliberate attempt to associate itself with true science
b)relies on anecdotal evidence
c)development of theories that are too vague to be tested by scientiic methods
d)tendency to explain complicated phenomena with overly simplistic concepts |
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Term
| How Pseudoscience Hurts Us |
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Definition
a)can lead to "tragedies"
b)decisions that affect us can be made based on these pseudosciences
c)opportunity cost
d)claims of miricale cures can raise false hopes |
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Term
Research With Humans:
Benefits x Costs
Institutional Review Board |
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Definition
a)Weighs the costs against the benefits of the research
b)consists of at least five people
- Faculty members
- At least one member from outside community and on nonscientist |
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Term
Research With Humans:
Informed Consent |
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Definition
Potential participants are informed about procedures and risks that might be involved
Paricipants are told that they are free to withdraw from a study at any time and for any reason |
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Term
Research With Humans:
Deception |
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Definition
Occurs when participants are mislead about the nature of the study
+ Should only be used when no other feasible alternative is available-deception should not harm the participants |
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Term
Research With Humans:
Debriefing |
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Definition
After study has been completed, participants recieve information about the study.
-Dehoaxing
-Desensitizing |
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Term
Research With Humans:
Confidentiality |
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Definition
| data should be kept confidential and when possible anonymous |
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Term
Research With Animals:
Why they are used |
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Definition
1) To learn about people
- Some behaviors are similiar across species
2) To learn about animals
- To understand how different species learn, think, and behave. |
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Term
Research With Animals:
Benefits x Costs - IACUC |
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Definition
| Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
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Term
Research With Animals:
Benefits x Costs - Costs |
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Definition
| Weighs the costs (harm and distress to the animal used) against the benefits |
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Term
Research With Animals:
Benefits x Costs - Benefits |
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Definition
a) increase knowledge of the process underlying the evolution, development, maintenance, alteration, control, or biological significance of behavior.
b) increase understanding of the species under study
c) provide results that benefit the health or welfare of humans or other animals. |
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Term
Research With Animals:
Benefits x Costs - Other Issues |
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Definition
| Set of standards for housing, feeding and maintaining the well-being of the animal subjects. |
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Term
Scientific Fraud:
Plagiarism |
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Definition
| presenting someone else's ideas as being one's own |
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Term
Scientific Fraud:
Data Falsification |
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Definition
-No data collected
-Data are altered or omitted
-Collected data + guessed data
-Study is suppressed when results are different from expected |
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Term
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Definition
Describe, predict, and explain fundamental principles of behavior.
Common topics: cognition, learning, memory, psychobiology
Focuses on theory testing |
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Term
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Definition
Solve some immediate real-life problem
Guided by theories and findings of basic research
Predict events directly in a specific environmental situation |
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Term
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Definition
Research that occurs within the controlled confines of the scientific laboratory
Greater control>Conditions can be specified>participants can be selected |
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Term
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Definition
Research that occurs in any location other than a scientific laboratory
Proximity to everyday life>Results can make immediate differences in the lives of people being studied>can confirm findings of laboratory studies |
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Term
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Definition
| how closely a study mirrors real-life experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether the experiment has an impact on the participant, involves them, and makes them take the experiment seriously |
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Term
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Definition
| results are presented in numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| results are presented as analytical narratives |
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Term
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Definition
-Must be answerable with data
-Terms must be precisely defined |
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Term
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Definition
| definition of a concept/construct in terms of the operations used to measure it |
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Term
| Empirical Questions Come From... |
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Definition
1) Own observations
2) Past Research
3) Theories |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of discovering something while looking for something else. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of statements that summarizes and organizes existing information about some phenomenon, provides an explanation for the phenomenon and serve as a basis for making predictions to be tested empirically. |
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Term
| How we move from theory data... |
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Definition
Theory <-----Induction-------
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| Deduction |
V |
Hypothesis --------------> Test |
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Term
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Definition
- It is impossible to prove a theory to be true (fallacy of affirming the consequesnt)
- In theory, it is possible to disprove a theory |
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Term
Attributes of Good Theories:
Productivity |
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Definition
| Good theories advance knowledge by generating a great deal of research |
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Term
Attributes of Good Theories:
Falsifiability |
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Definition
| theories must be stated in such a way that predictions derived from them can potentially be shown to be false. |
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Term
Attributes of Good Theories:
Parsimony |
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Definition
| the fewer assumptions and concepts the better |
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Term
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Definition
| series of interrelated studies in which the outcome of one study leads naturally to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses the same procedures for manipulating and measuring the variables that were used in the original research |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of research using different procedures for manipulation or measures the variables |
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Term
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Definition
| to replicate part of a prior study, while adding some additional information |
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Term
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Definition
Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References |
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Term
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Definition
| Editor:Screening -> Reviewers:Review and Critique -> Editor:Decision |
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