Term
| discovered classical conditioning while studying salivation responses in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Little Albert developed a fear of white rats through this process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dr. Palfai’s stories about his niece Susie, who coughed a lot, and Lisa, a 13-year-old who kept getting on her hands and knees, illustrated this type of conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kohler’s experiment with the chimp who stacked up boxes so he could reach a banana illustrated this type of learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction (hint: slot machine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the three main processes in memory: encoding, __________, and retrieval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the three types of memory stores, according to Atkinson & Shiffrin’s information processing memory |
|
Definition
| sensory, short-term, long-term |
|
|
Term
| the part of the brain essential for laying down long-term memories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This phone number has 11 numbers, so it is too long for me to remember: 17462842934. What should I do so I can remember it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory? What are the 2 subdivisions of declarative memory? |
|
Definition
Nondeclarative (procedural info: actions, skills)
Declarative (factual info)
Semantic (encyclopedia)
Episodic (autobiography) |
|
|
Term
| giving a reward to increase the recurrence of a behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| memory store with limited duration (20 seconds) and limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when newly-learned information interferes with the ability to remember previously-learned information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| psychologist who put operant conditioning on the map, starting with his experiments using rats and pigeons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first person to experimentally study memory, which he did by learning nonsense syllables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| known for her work on the misinformation effect (car crash study) and false memories (meeting Bugs Bunny study) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| his study with the story “The War of the Ghosts” showed that memory is reconstructive, and people use schemas to fill in missing details |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this pioneer in cognitive neuroscience worked with H.M. and discovered that people have multiple memory systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solomon Asch’s famous line experiment demonstrated 2 kinds of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does “caveat emptor” mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of attribution is this? He’s only acting like a jerk because he had a bad day at work. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 of Cialdini’s weapons of influence |
|
Definition
| reciprocation, commitment, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity |
|
|
Term
| Sandra and her friend Joan both cheated on their boyfriends. Sandra says she only cheated because she was really wasted at the time, but she says Joan cheated because she’s a skanky ho. What error is Sandra making? |
|
Definition
| fundamental attribution error |
|
|
Term
| close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg’s Theory about morality focuses on moral _______ rather than _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this concept allows this child to understand that these 2 beakers hold the same amount of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piaget’s term for changing your schema to be able to fit new experiences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arguing that we should not go to war because war means killing, and killing is against the law (no matter what) illustrates this stage of moral reasoning from Kohlberg’s theory |
|
Definition
| Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation |
|
|
Term
| in Pavlov’s salivation studies, the conditioned stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have used operant conditioning principles to train your dog to sit when you say “sit.” If you want to make the response more resistant to extinction, should you reinforce your dog every time he sits, or just some of the time he sits? |
|
Definition
| some of the time – intermittent reinforcement is more resistant to extinction |
|
|
Term
| Jason made fun of his sister at the dinner table. As a result, his parents said he could not watch TV the rest of the week. Jason’s parents are using… |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your studying increases substantially just before the exam and then decreases substantially until right before the next exam. This pattern of studying for the exam illustrates this effect, which occurs on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rat has to find his way through a maze to find food. Tolman argued that instead of learning a stimulus-reinforcer (S: go a certain route – R: get food) connection, the rat is really learning this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| guy who developed the savings score and the forgetting curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This guy was beaten up severely. He can’t remember anything that happened since the beating (unless he takes a Polaroid of it or tattoos it on his body). He has this type of amnesia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Backward-masking studies and Sperling’s partial report study provide evidence for the existence of this kind of memory store |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the shape of the serial position effect curve resembles this letter of the alphabet – why? |
|
Definition
| U – primacy effect and recency effect |
|
|
Term
| the difference between iconic memory and eidetic memory |
|
Definition
iconic: sensory memory
eidetic: photographic memory (very rare) |
|
|
Term
| “It was that guy – I can’t remember his name. I know I know it. It starts with a B. I can picture him clear as day, I just can’t think of his name.” This illustrates what phenomenon in memory? |
|
Definition
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| organized cluster of knowledge about an object or event based on our past experience with it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piaget’s term for fitting information into your existing schema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This process occurs when a rat learns to press the bar (in order to get a food pellet) only when a blue light is on. He does not bother pressing the bar when the blue light is off because he will not get food then. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rat is reinforced for the first lever press he makes after a 5-minute interval has passed. Name the schedule of reinforcement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harry Harlow’s studies with monkeys showed that this was the key factor in the development of attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 common measures of retention. Which one is easier and why? |
|
Definition
recall test and recognition test
recognition easier because you choose from options rather than having to reproduce the answers yourself with no clues |
|
|
Term
| In the Bobo doll study, young children who saw an adult beating up a Bobo doll beat up the Bobo doll when they were allowed to play with it. They learned to beat up Bobo through what kind of learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every time you take a shower, someone in the house flushes the toilet, causing the water to turn cold, which causes you to get cold. Now every time you hear a toilet flush, you get cold. Name the UCS and CS. |
|
Definition
UCS: cold water
CS: sound of toilet flushing |
|
|
Term
| organized clusters of ideas about social events and people (our idea of how someone will be) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect did the case of Kitty Genovese illustrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 2 things that make us less likely to conform to group pressure |
|
Definition
if you have an ally (someone else breaks the unanimity of the group)
if your decision is made in secret (e.g., secret ballot) |
|
|
Term
| Dr. Palfai’s “ribbon story” (students were given a red or blue ribbon at the beginning of lecture) illustrates our tendency to divide people into 2 kinds of groups… |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 2 of the 3 ways we acquire attitudes |
|
Definition
socialization (we hear what our friends & family say/think and that rubs off on us)
modeling (we imitate our friends’ & family’s behavior)
reinforcement (we get benefits for having certain attitudes) |
|
|
Term
| this woman advanced the aquatic ape hypothesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| until infants develop this mental concept, a game of peek-a-boo will provide them with hours of endless entertainment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basing your idea of right and wrong on society’s rules, with the understanding that there may be some exceptions to these rules, is indicative of this stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory |
|
Definition
| Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation |
|
|
Term
| this woman ran the visual cliff experiment with infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children in this stage of cognitive development are starting to engage in symbolic thought but focus on only one aspect of a problem and can’t mentally undo actions |
|
Definition
|
|
