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| The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances. |
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| A characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances. |
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| A notion that indicates the personality is a coherent whole. |
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| Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior. |
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| In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle. |
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| In psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct. |
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| In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego. |
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| Unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress. |
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| According to Freud, developmental stages that correspond to distinct libidinal urges; progression through these stages profoundly affects personality. They are the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, latency stage, and the genital stage. |
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| The mouth, anus, and genitals. |
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| Oral stage (psychosexual) |
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Definition
| Lasts from birth to approximately 18 months. Infants seek pleasure through the mouth. Pleasure is associated with sucking. |
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| anal stage (psychosexual) |
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Definition
| Occurs when a child is 2-3 years old. Toilet training leads them to focus on the anus. |
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| phallic stage (psychosexual) |
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Definition
| Occurs when a child is 3-5. Libidinal energies are directed toward the genitals. Children often discover the pleasure of rubbing their genitals during this time, although they have no sexual intent per se. |
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| latency stage (psychosexual) |
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Definition
| A brief period of time when children suppress libidinal urges or channel them into doing schoolwork or building friendships. |
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| genital stage (psychosexual) |
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Definition
| Occurs from adolescence through adulthood. Mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood are attained. Libidinal urges are centered on the capacities to reproduce and contribute to society. |
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| Approaches to studying personality that emphasize how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding. |
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| When therapists create a supportive and accepting environment in order to emphasize people's subjective understandings of their lives. |
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| cognitive-social theories of personality |
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| These theories emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality. |
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| Personal theories of how the world works. |
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| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| People with an internal locus of control believe they bring about their own rewards. |
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| external locus of control |
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Definition
| People with an external locus of control believe rewards - and therefore their personal fates - result from forces beyond their control. |
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| self-regulatory capacities |
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| Refers to our relative ability to set personal goals, evaluate our progress, and adjust our behavior accordingly. |
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| Discrete categories of people based on personality characteristics. |
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| implicit personality theory |
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| The study of two tendencies related to personality types: We tend to assume certain personality characteristics go together and based on that assumption, make predictions about people. |
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| An approach to studying personality that focuses on how individuals differ in personality dispositions. |
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| The idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
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| Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality |
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Definition
| Specific response level (bottom level consists of observed behaviors). Habitual response level (next level up consists of behavior repeated occasionally). Trait level (next level up consists of behavior exhibited on many occasions which can be considered a trait). Superordinate level (top level which consists of three superordinate traits: introversion/extraversion, emotional stability, and psychoticism). |
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Definition
| Person-centered approaches to studying personality; they focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons. |
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| Approaches to studying personality that focus on how common characteristics vary from person to person. |
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| Personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli. |
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| Relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings. |
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| The theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits. |
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| Theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions. |
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| behavioral approach system (BAS) |
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Definition
| The brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards. |
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| behavioral inhibition system (BIS) |
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Definition
| The brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain. |
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| An internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection. |
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