Term
|
Definition
| The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's explanations for why events or actions occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From this perspective, victims must have done something to justify what happened to them. |
|
|
Term
| personal attributions (internal or dispositional) |
|
Definition
| Explanations that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. |
|
|
Term
| situational attributes (external) |
|
Definition
| Explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions. |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attributions error |
|
Definition
| In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personally traits and underestimate situational factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our tendency to expect the behaviors of others to correspond with our own beliefs and personalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people's expectations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups to which we belong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups to which we do not belong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, we put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's evaluations of objects, events, or ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attitudes that a person can report. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. |
|
|
Term
| postdecisional dissonance |
|
Definition
| When a person is given two or three choices and must narrow them down to one choice. This motivates a person to focus on one choice's positive aspects and the other choices' negative aspects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message. |
|
|
Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
|
Definition
| A theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes. Refer to page 533 in the book to review the model. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the mere presence of others enhances performance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are a part of a group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The altering of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when we go along with the crowd to avoid looking foolish. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when we assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to agree to do things requested by others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any behavior that involves the intention to harm someone else. |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
| The extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will act aggressively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tending to benefit others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so. |
|
|
Term
| bystander intervention effect |
|
Definition
| The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need. |
|
|
Term
| Ten Most Positive Personal Characteristics |
|
Definition
| sincerity, honesty, understanding, loyalty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, intelligence, dependableness, open-mindedness, thoughtfulness. |
|
|
Term
| The Ten Most Negative Personal Characteristics |
|
Definition
| unkindness, untrustworthiness, maliciousness, obnoxiousness, untruthfulness, dishonesty, cruelty, meanness, phoniness, lying. |
|
|
