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| 4 components of the perceptual process |
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1-stimulus
2-electricity (neurons)
3-experience and action (brain)
4-knowledge |
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-anything in the environment
-wat focus on (ATTENDED stimulus)
-formed on receptors (image on retina) |
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-transduction
-transmission
-processing |
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| transform one form energy to another (ie light to electrical) |
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-perception
-recognition
-action |
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a. Recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli based chiefly on memory.
b. The neurological processes by which such recognition and interpretation are effected. |
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| giving meaning by name/category (doesn't necessarily mean perception) |
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anything you bring to situation
-bottom-up processing
-top-down processing |
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| bottom-up "database" processing |
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-essential for perception
-usually begins with stimulation of receptors |
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| top-down "knowledge base" processing |
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Definition
-often involved in perception
-can be triggered by bottom down perception |
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| approaches to study of perception |
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-psychophysical
-physiological
-cognitive influences on perception |
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perception approach:
-Fechner: quantitative methods to study relationships btwn stimuli & perception (ie. hand squeeze)
-modern: ANY measurement of a relationship |
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perception approach:
-measures relationship btwn
A) stimuli and physiological processes
B)btwn these processes and perceptions |
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| 5 possible perceptual responses to stimuli |
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Definition
-describing
-recognizing
-detecting
-perceiving magnitude
-searching |
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| indicating stimulus characteristics |
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| placing stimulus in specific categories |
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| becoming aware of barely detectable aspect of stimulus |
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| aware size/intensity of stimulus |
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| looking for specific stimulus among a # of stimuli |
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Description
The Phenomenological Method |
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-first step in study of perception
-ie: how does food taste: good, bad, salty etc. |
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| categorizing stimulus by NAMING it |
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Detection
The Absolute Threshold |
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Definition
-the smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary to detect stimulus
-how?
-method of limits
-method of adjustments
-method of constant stimuli |
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Detection
The Difference Threshold (DL) |
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Definition
-smallest difference btwn two stimuli detectable
-size of DL depends on standard stimulus
-easier to detect BIG diff.
-Weber's law |
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| person in control of seeing light |
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| method of constant stimuli |
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present levels of stimuli in random order
-absolute threshold = seen 50% of time |
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-ratio of the "DL" of standard stimulus is constant
-K=DL/S
(constant)=diff.threshold/stimulus |
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| if k=.04, then a 4% change in stimulus intensity is required to notice a difference |
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does doubling intensity make it 2x
=scaling |
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| rules for assigning #s to events/objects |
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nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio |
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rank ordering
space btwn doesn't matter |
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| equal spacing btwn, but no zero |
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-asking
-cross modality matching: describe using another sense
-Steven's power law |
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| describing using another sense |
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as intensity increases, magnitude also increases, just not as rapidly
ie. bright |
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as intensity increases, magnitude increases even more
ie. electric shock and perceived pain |
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| method of magnitude estimation |
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| speed of perceptual judgment matters more than accuracy |
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| time btwn stimulus and response |
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| subjective amount of stimulus above which a person will indicate its presence |
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-responsible for memory, cognition, language, perception, etc.
-controls mental function
-concept relatively new |
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believed that
heart = mind & soul |
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| healthy thoughts/emotions from 4 humors (blood, black, bile, etc.) |
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| pineal gland = seat of soul |
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| only thing in brain not symmetric |
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anatomy of brain
-first to say brain=mental functioning
-diff. functions, diff. areas
-brain disorders=chemistry disorders |
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| neurosystem=large network of fused cells |
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neurosystem=distinct elements (cells)
-validated x Golgi thru staining |
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allows sight of structure of individual neurons
-slice brain tissue, in silver nitrate |
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| The Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
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Definition
perception depends on "nerve energies" reach brain and and what we experience depends on which nerves are stimulated
-later discovered that nerves from diff. senses go to diff. areas of brain |
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recorded electrical activity from single sensitivity neurons
-crowded room analogy -- random example |
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| Primary Receiving parts of Brain |
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Definition
-occipital lobe
-temporal
-parietal
-frontal |
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| purpose of neuron in perception |
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-respond to environmental stimuli (transduce)
-turn into electrical signal (transduction)
-communicate with other neurons to enable signals travel long distances (transmission) |
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| everything else other than CNS |
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| where neuron receives info |
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"soma"
-nucleus-genetic info |
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| part of neuron that transmits signal to terminals |
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| in neuron where signal is stored |
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| neurons in adult and child brain |
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-100billion adult
-2x that in children |
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| 1 axon, 1 dendrite, 2 processes |
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| 1 axon, numerous dendrites |
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| send signals from CNS to tell muscles to move |
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| axons of bunch running together |
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| neurons (-) charge stuck in the different oscilloscopes |
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- negative 1 millisecond
-(-) nueron is changing |
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| negative 70 millivolts @ rest |
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| action potentials happen? |
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| -caused by changes in nuerons |
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how easy to pass
-to sodium (NA) and potassium (K) ions (both are +) |
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| low permeability to both K and Na |
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| increased permeability to Na (Na flows in to cell) unit +40mv |
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| increased permability to K occurs at this point and K flows out of cell |
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certain amount of recovery time
-absolute v. relative
-not firing no matter what v. stimulus must be stronger to fire |
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more (=)
-depolarization
-to create an action potential, enough of these must be received to make neuron 55 mv |
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more (-)
-hyperpolarization
-makes much harder for action potential to occur b/c nueron more (-) |
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| grous of interconnected neurons |
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| more than one neuron synapsing onto single neuron |
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| area on receptors surface that influence the firing rate of nueron |
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| representation of certain things by firing neurons that respond to given thing |
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| neuron responds only to specific stimulus |
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The idea that a particular thing is represented by the pattern of firing of a specific group of neurons (not just one neuron!)
-can represents lots of things with few nuerons |
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| given object is represented by firing of relatively small # neurons |
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| how do physical processes (the body) become transformed into the richness of perception (the mind) |
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| nueral correlate of consciouness (NCC) |
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-conscious=experience
-focus on connections btwn environmental stimuli and nueron firing |
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electromagnetic spectrum
visible light |
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| wavelengths from 10-12m (gamma rays) to 10-4 (radio waves) |
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| when lens changes shape b/c things came in @ angle when closer |
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| distaqnce at which lens can't accomodate |
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ability to accomodate decreases with age (45yrs)
-lens gets harder with time
-cillary muscles get weak |
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myopia
concave lens corrects it |
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| cornea leans bending light too much |
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| distance at which anything beyond blurry |
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| occurs when photon light encounters retinal gets excited |
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| only need to stimulate 7 receptors to see light |
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| entire length of retina is rods |
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back of retina
only cones there |
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| responisble for detailed vision |
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| place where optice nerve leaves eye |
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fovea destroyed can't focus blind pspt is in center of eye
caused by blood vessel leak, genetics, age, eye injury |
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"tunnel vision"
see center, nothing else
teens, hereditary |
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no receptors
optic nerve leaves eye |
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-in dark experiments (both cones and rods)
-method of adjustment
-light adapted sensitivity is determined |
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observer look only at telst light
-small enough light only stimulates fovea
-cones responsible for early part |
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studied using rod chonochormats:ppl w/ no cones
-find rod light adapted sensitivity |
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| visual pigment regeneration |
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visual pigment bleaching
visual pigment regneration |
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retina rejoined to obstinen
happens in darkness |
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| In the dark, complete regeneration takes: |
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6 minutes for cones
About 30 minutes for rods |
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| Speed of dark adaptation depends on visual pigment regeneration speed |
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| sensitivity to light at each wavelength across visible spectrum |
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one
used to determine spectral sensitivity threshold |
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| cone spectral sensitivity |
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| measured by having observers look directly at test light |
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more sensitive to short wave light at night b/c rods run show
have with longer colors |
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| inhibition transmitted accross retina |
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nearby cells inhibited @ 1/10
-see extra dots |
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| light dark bands near light dark border |
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whites illusion
belongingness |
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not explained
group things together |
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