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PSY-201 - Chapter 5
Psychology by David Myers, 9th edition
68
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/16/2012

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Term
What is developmental psychology? What are its three main issues?
Definition
1. Nature/nurture
2. Continuity/stages
3. Stability/change
Devleopmental psychology is a branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social chagne throughout the life span
Term
Prenatal development: what is a zygote?
Definition
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell divison and develops into an embryo
Term
Embryo?
Definition
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Term
Fetus?
Definition
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Term
What are teratogens
Definition
teratogens are agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Term
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Definition
physical and cognitive abnormalitities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticable facial misproportions
Term
Senses in infancy- what can newborns see?
Definition
Loook at ojbects 8 to 12 inches away
Term
what do they prefer to look at?
Definition
Human faces
Term
What do infants prefer to hear? Smell? Taste?
Definition
turn our heads in the direction of human voices.
Term
How do we test what infants prefer?
Definition
novelty prefernce procedure
Term
What is habituation?
Definition
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. AS infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Term
What is infantile amnesia?
Definition
our earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday
Term
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Definition
Birth-2years = sensorimotor - experiencing the world through senses and actions
2-6/7years= preoperational - representing things iwth words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
7to11years = concrete operational - thinking logically about concrete events.
12through adulthood = formal operational - abstract reasoning
Term
What is cognition?
Definition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Term
What are schemas?
Definition
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Term
What are assimilation and accommodation?
Definition
assimilation - interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation - adatping our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Term
What are the four stages Piaget proposed? ? what is thinking like in each stage? Review Table 5.1
Definition
Term
What is object permanence?
Definition
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Term
Piaget thought object permanence developed around 8 months. What has recent research shown about when object permanence develops? P. 182, see Figure 5.13
Definition
Term
What is conservation? How is often tested (Figure 5.14)?
Definition
the princple (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Term
What is egocentrism and how can we see it in children in the preoperational stage?
Definition
in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Term
What is a theory of mind?
Definition
people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict
Term
Why do preschoolers often talk to themselves (p. 185)?
Definition
Term
How do children in the concrete and formal operational period differ?
Definition
Term
How has thinking about cognitive development changed in more recent years (p. 186-187)?
Definition
development is more continuous than piaget's theory. Thehy see formal ogic as a smaller part of cognition than he did.
Term
What is autism?
Definition
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient ccommmunication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind
Term
How do people with autism have an impaired theory of mind?
Definition
Term
How does biology influence autism (genes, mirror neurons)?
Definition
Term
What is stranger anxiety?
Definition
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
Term
What is attachment?
Definition
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the cargiver and showing distress on separation
Term
How did Harlows’ study with monkeys and the demonstrate the importance of comfort?
Definition
Term
What is a critical period?
Definition
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Term
Imprinting?
Definition
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Term
What is a secure attachment?
Definition
Term
Insecure attachment?
Definition
Term
What is basic trust?
Definition
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that hte world is predictable and trsutworth; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Term
What factors influence attachment?
Definition
Term
What is a self-concept?
Definition
our understanding and evaluation of who we are
Term
How do we test for a self-concept?
Definition
Term
At what age do humans seem to show a self-concept?
Definition
18 months
Term
Name and describe the three parenting styles.
Definition
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Term
What is adolescence?
Definition
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Term
Describe the physical changes in puberty including knowing the following: primary and secondary sex characteristics and menarche.
Definition
Primary sex characteristics - the body structures (privates) that make sexual reporduction possible
Secondary characteristics - non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
menarche - the first menstrual period
Term
What part of the brain responsible for planning and judgment is not fully developed in adolescents?
Definition
Term
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: What are the three stages and how do people reason morally in each stage?
Definition
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Term
What does the social intuitionist account of morality propose (p. 201)?
Definition
moral feelings precede moral reasoning
Term
Review Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development in Table 5.2. What stage occurs in adolescence?
Definition
Infancy, Toddlerhood, Preschool, Elementary school, Adolescence, young adulthood, MiddleAdulthood, late adulthood
Term
What is an identity?
Definition
our sense of self; according to Erikson
Term
A social identity?
Definition
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am i?" that comes from our group memberships
Term
What is intimacy?
Definition
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Term
Explain how the importance of peer and parent relationships change in adolescence.
Definition
Term
What is emerging adulthood?
Definition
For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, briding the gap between adolsecent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
Term
 Review the physical changes in middle adulthood. Specifically what is menopause?
Definition
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Term
Review the True/False questions on page 208. What is our life expectancy?
Definition
Term
How do vision, hearing, smell and reaction time change with age?
Definition
Term
What is Alzheimer’s disease and what do we know about what is happening in the brain for those with this disease?
Definition
Term
 What is the difference between a recall and a recognition test of memory?
Definition
Term
How do older adults perform on these tests compared to younger adults? Figure 5.31
Definition
Term
 Be familiar with the two research designs in developmental psychology- longitudinal and cross-sectional designs (p. 214).
Definition
Term
 What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? How do they change with age?
Definition
Term
What is terminal decline?
Definition
Term
 What is a social clock?
Definition
Term
Is there evidence for a mid-life crisis? See Figure 5.34.
Definition
Term
An empty nest syndrome (p. 219)?
Definition
Term
 What is the impact of cohabitation before marriage on divorce?
Definition
Term
How is marriage related to happiness?
Definition
Term
What is a predictor marital success?
Definition
Term
 Does life satisfaction change in old age? Figure 5.35
Definition
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