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| beliefs about our unique personal traits, abilities, preferences, tastes, talents, and so forth i.e. what makes you diff from others |
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| Beliefs about our identities in specific relationships i.e. doting husband or black sheep of family |
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| Beliefs about our identities as members of social groups to which we belong i.e. as a Chaldean, college woman, atheist |
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| Reflected self-appraisals |
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| our beliefs about what others think of our social selves |
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| subset of self-knowledge that is brought to mind in a particular context; related to the idea that there are multiple levels for defining the self |
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| the hypothesis that people compare themselves to other people in order to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities and internal states (for concepts w/no set standard i.e. being 'rich' or 'smart') |
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| cognitive structures derived from past experience that represent a person's beliefs and feelings about the self in particular domains |
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| the tendency for info that is related to the self to be processed more thoroughly and integrated with existing self-knowledge, thereby making it more memorable |
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| the tendency to define the self in multiple domains that are relatively distinct from one another in content |
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| the positive or negative overall evaluation that each person has of himself or herself |
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| Contingencies of Self-Worth |
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| self-esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which a person has based their self-worth |
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| a hypothesis that maintains that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index/marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others |
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| Better-than-average effect |
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Definition
| the finding that most people think they are above average on various trait and ability dimensions |
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| Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model |
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Definition
| a model that maintains that people are motivated to view themselves in a favorable light and that they do so through 2 processes: 1) reflection (in domains not relevant to self) and 2) social comparison (in domains relevant to self) |
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| a theory that holds that people strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give them a sense of coherence; makes us more predictable to ourselves and others |
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processes that people use to initiate, alter and control their behavior in the pursuit of goals
- incl. the ability to resist short-term awards that thwart the attainment of long-term goals |
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| hypothetical selves that a person aspires to be in the future |
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a theory that B is motivated by standards reflecting ideal and ought selves.
Falling short of these standards produces specific emotions:
- dejection-related emotions for actual-ideal discrepancies
- agitation-related emotions for actual-ought discrepancies |
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Definition
| the self that people believe they are |
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| the self that embodies ppl's wishes and aspirations (held either by themselves and by other ppl for them) |
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| the self that is concerned with the duties, obligations, and external demands ppl feel they are compelled to honor |
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regulating B with respect to ideal self standards
- focuses on attaining positive outcomes and approach-related Bs |
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regulating Bs with respect to ought standards
- focuses on avoiding negative outcomes and avoidance-related Bs |
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| a state produced by acts of self-control in which ppl lack the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self-control |
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| presenting the person that we would like others to believe we are |
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| the public image of ourselves that we want others to believe |
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Definition
the tendency for people to monitor their B in such a way that it fits situational demands (the current situation)
- high self-monitors change B according the ppl they are with
- low self-monitors more likely to behave in accordance with their own traits and preferences
- need some self-monitoring to be socially acceptable!! |
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Definition
| ppl's tendency to engage in self-defeating B in order to have a ready excuse should they perform poorly or fail |
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statements that people make that they intend to be taken literally
- honest; direct, relevant and delivered in a straightforward, sincere fashion |
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indirect and ambiguous
- violates the rules of direct, honest communication with tactics such as rhetorical questions, exaggerations, understatements or intentional vagueness |
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