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behavior intended to harm another motivated by feelings of anger and hostility
- can harm either physically or psychologically |
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behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility
- can be to attract attn, acquire wealth, or to advance political or ideological causes |
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| the internal states that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal |
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passive and depressed responses that indivs show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes
- occurs in response to repeated exposure to uncontrollable neg stimulus in animal studies |
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a culture that is defined by its members' strong concerns about their own and others' reputations
--> leads to sensitivity to slights and insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong or insult |
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| cultures in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, and as a threat against women so that they will remain subservient to men |
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| the evolutionary tendency to look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives and their offspring, so that our genes will survive and be passed on in future generations |
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the tendency to attribute nonhuman characteristics to groups other than one's own
- ex. referring to them as rats, dogs, pigs or vermin |
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| the tendency to attach less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it |
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