Term
The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their:
A. Culture
B. Normal Curve
C. Wording Effects
D. Statistical Significance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier study with different participants and in different countries.
A. Replication
B. Random Sampling
C. Naturalistic Observation
D. The Double-blind Procedure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?
A. Correlation Coefficient
B. Standard Deviation
C. Range
D. Mean |
|
Definition
| A. Correlation Coefficient |
|
|
Term
Psychologists' personal values and goals...
A. Are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation.
B. Lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.
C. Can bias their observations and interpretations
D. Have very little influence on the process of scientific observation. |
|
Definition
| C. Can bias their observations and interpretations |
|
|
Term
To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?
A. The case study
B. Naturalistic observation
C. The double-blind study
D. The survey |
|
Definition
| B. Naturalistic observation |
|
|
Term
The standard deviation is the square root of the average squared deviation of scores from the:
A. Normal curve
B. Median
C. Mean
D. Range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces and of the same effects as the drug is called:
A. Placebo
B. Median
C. Case Study
D. Replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Psychological differences between the genders are:
A. Of little interest to contemporary psychologists
B. Simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes
C. No longer evident in contemporary Western societies
D. Far outweighed by gender similarities |
|
Definition
| D. Far outweighed by gender similarities |
|
|
Term
A hypothesis is a(n):
A. Observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables
B. Testable prediction that gives direction to research
C. Set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts
D. Unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning |
|
Definition
| B. Testable prediction that gives direction to research |
|
|
Term
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as:
A. The survey
B. Experimentation
C. Naturalistic Observation
D. The case study |
|
Definition
| C. Naturalistic Observation |
|
|
Term
When a statistical average is reported in the news, it is most important for readers to:
A. Determine whether it is statistically significant
B. Consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases
C. Be sure that it describes an experimental group
D. Recognize the potential for a correlation coefficient |
|
Definition
| B. Consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases |
|
|
Term
University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as:
A. Naturalistic Observation
B. The double-blind procedure
C. The Standard Deviation
D. The Case Study |
|
Definition
| A. Naturalistic Observation |
|
|
Term
Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ____ standard deviation(s) from the mean.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The fact that the same individual won the New Jersey lottery on two separate occasions best illustrates:
A. A random outcome
B. The double-blind procedure
C. The placebo effect
D. The hindsight bias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The biggest danger of relying on case study evidence is that it:
A. Is based on naturalistic observation
B. May be unrepresentative of what is generally true
C. Overestimates the importance of operational definitions
D. Leads us to underestimate the casual relationships between events |
|
Definition
| B. May be unrepresentative of what is generally true |
|
|
Term
which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause and effect relationship between the two variables?
A. Naturalistic observation
B. Correlation research
C. The case study
D. The experimental method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Correlation research is most useful for purposes of:
A. Explanation
B. Prediction
C. Control
D. Replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The symmetric bell-shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a:
A. Bar graph
B. Normal curve
C. Correlation
D. Scatterplot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable:
A. Assumptions
B. Correlations
C. Predictions
D. Variables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean?
A. 16
B. 32
C. 68
D. 95 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves:
A. Debriefing
B. Case Study
C. Evaluating Evidence
D. Informed Consent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and the median is said to be:
A. Statistically significant
B. A random sample
C. A scatter plot
D. Skewed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are:
A. Pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity
B. Ingenuity, practicality, and certainty
C. Certainty, creativity, and curiosity
D. Curiosity, skepticism, and humility |
|
Definition
| D. Curiosity, skepticism, and humility |
|
|
Term
The mean of a distribution of scores is the:
A. Most occurring score
B. Arithmetic average of all the scores
C. Least frequently occurring score
D. Score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores |
|
Definition
| B. Arithmetic average of all the scores |
|
|
Term
Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate:
A. Facts from theories
B. Causes from effects
C. Case studies from surveys
D. Random samples from representative samples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be:
A. A reflection of differences between the populations they represent
B. Due to chance variation within and between the sample groups
C. Observed more than 5 percent of the time the groups are compared
D. Observed when the two groups are very large |
|
Definition
| B. Due to chance variation within and between the sample groups |
|
|
Term
In a survey, psychologists select a random sample or research participants in order to ensure that:
A. The participants are representative or the population they are interested in studying
B. There will be a large number of participants in the research study
C. The study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values
D. The same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions |
|
Definition
| A. The participants are representative or the population they are interested in studying |
|
|
Term
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a:
A. Wording effect
B. Correlation coefficient
C. Placebo Effect
D. Confounding variable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to:
A. Dismiss the value of replication
B. reject and ideas that can't be scientifically tested
C. Exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome
D. Overestimate the extent to which other share their opinions |
|
Definition
| C. Exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome |
|
|
Term
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors:
A. Vary together
B. Are random samples
C. Influence each other
D. Show statistical significance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor and observe its effect on same behavior or mental processes?
A. The survey
B. The case study
C. Experimentation
D. Naturalistic observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Random assignment minimizes ____ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes _____ between a sample and a population.
A. Similarities....differences
B. Differences....similarities
C. Similarities....similarities
D. Differences....differences |
|
Definition
| D. Differences....differences |
|
|
Term
In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes:
A. Obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly
B. Treat information about individual participants confidentially
C. Deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment
D. Allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment |
|
Definition
| C. Deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment |
|
|
Term
An axon is:
A. A cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
B. A layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons
C. An antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites
D. The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body |
|
Definition
| D. The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body |
|
|
Term
Neural networks refer to:
A. The branching extensions of a neuron
B. Interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system
C. Neural cables containing many axons
D. Junctions between sending and receiving neurons |
|
Definition
| B. Interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
Oxytocin is secreted by the:
A. Pancreas
B. Thyroid Gland
C. Pituitary Gland
D. Adrenal Gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The association areas are located in the:
A. Brainstem
B. Thalamus
C. Limbic system
D. Cerebral Cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One function of glial cells is to:
A. Control heartbeat and breathing
B. Mimic the effects of neurotransmitters
C. Provide nutrients to interneurons
D. Stimulate the production of hormones |
|
Definition
| C. Provide nutrients to interneurons |
|
|
Term
The hypothalamus influences the ____ to send messages to the ____.
A. Cerebellum...amygdala
B. pituitary...endocrine glands
C. motor neurons...sensory neurons
D. thalamus...angular gyrus |
|
Definition
| B. pituitary...endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
A synapse is a(n):
A. Chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions
B. automatic response to sensory input
C. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron
D. Neural cable containing many axons |
|
Definition
| C. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron |
|
|
Term
The parasympathetic nervous system:
A. stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat
B. Inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat
C. Stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat
D. Inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat |
|
Definition
| A. stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat |
|
|
Term
Addictive disorders may stem from malfunctioning reward centers in the:
A. Thalamus
B. Cerebellum
C. Reticular formation
D. Limbic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The amygdala consists of emotion-linked neural clusters in the:
A. frontal lobes
B. Reticular formation
C. Limbic system
D. Association areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Serving a cat's reticular formation from a higher brain regions causes the cat to:
A. Become violently aggressive
B. Cower in fear
C. Experience convulsive seizures
D. Lapse into a coma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The body's natural production of endorphins is likely to be:
A. Increased by heroin use and increased by vigorous exercise
B. Decreased by heroin use and decreased by vigorous exercise
C. Increased by heroin use and decreased by vigorous exercise
D. Decreased by heroin use and increased by vigorous exercise |
|
Definition
| D. Decreased by heroin use and increased by vigorous exercise |
|
|
Term
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter:
A. Dopamine
B. Epinephrine
C. Acetylcholine
D. Serotonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dendrites are branching extensions of:
A. Neurotransmitters
B. Endorphins
C. Neurons
D. Glial Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Left-handedness is ____ common among males than females, and in both right- and left-handers the left hemisphere tends to be slightly ____ than the right hemisphere.
A. less...smaller
B. Less...larger
C. more...smaller
D. More...larger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The release of cortisol into the bloodstream is most likely to:
A. Increase blood sugar
B. Lower blood pressure
C. Stimulate digestion
D. Decrease perspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as:
A. Serotonin
B. Endorphins
C. Dopamine
D. Epinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the:
A. Limbic system
B. Corpus callosum
C. Cerebellum
D. Reticular formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system, travel through the bloodstream to affect other:
A. Axons
B. Tissues
C. Synapses
D. Neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The central nervous system consists of:
A. Sensory and motor neurons
B. Somatic and autonomic systems
C. The brain and the spinal cord
D. sympathetic and parasympathetic branches |
|
Definition
| C. The brain and the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
Optic nerves transmit information from the ___ visual field of ___ to the left cerebral hemisphere.
A. Left... only the left eye
B. Right... only the right eye
C. Left... only the right eye
D. right... both the right and left eyes |
|
Definition
| D. right... both the right and left eyes |
|
|
Term
Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?
A. The Limbic system
B. The sympathetic nervous system
C. The somatic nervous system
D. The central nervous system |
|
Definition
| B. The sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ____ is linked to seizures.
A. Glutamate
B. GABA
C. Serotonin
D. ACh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A person whose hand has been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his arm was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of:
A. Tomography
B. Brain plasticity
C. Lateralization
D. Cognitive neural prosthetics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Brain plasticity may contribute to the effectiveness of:
A. Phrenology
B. Electroencephalograms
C. Constraint-induced therapy
D. magnetic resonance imaging |
|
Definition
| C. Constraint-induced therapy |
|
|
Term
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that:
A. Causes sleepiness
B. Lessens physical pain
C. Reduces depressed moods
D. Triggers muscle contractions |
|
Definition
| D. Triggers muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
Motor neurons transmit signals to:
A. Glands
B. Interneurons
C. Sensory neurons
D. All of these parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in:
A. Neurogenesis
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. The fight-or-flight response
D. A reward deficiency syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The chemical messengers released into the spinal junctions between neurons are called:
A. Hormones
B. Neurotransmitters
C. Synapses
D. Genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to:
A. Solve arithmetic problems
B. Copy drawings
C. Recognize faces
D. Recognize familiar melodies |
|
Definition
| A. Solve arithmetic problems |
|
|
Term
The function of dendrites is to:
A. Receive incoming signals from other neurons
B. Release neurotransmitter into the spinal junctions between neurons
C. Coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
D. Control pain through the release of opiatelike chemicals into the brain |
|
Definition
| A. Receive incoming signals from other neurons |
|
|
Term
Reuptake refers to the:
A. Movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap
B. Release of hormones into the bloodstream
C. Inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane
D. Reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron |
|
Definition
| D. Reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron |
|
|
Term
With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which:
A. A neuron fires more rapidly than usual
B. An electrical charge travels from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron
C. Positively charged ions are pumped back outside to a neural membrane
D. An individual reflexively withdraws from a pain stimulus |
|
Definition
| C. Positively charged ions are pumped back outside to a neural membrane |
|
|
Term
The divided-conscious theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that:
A. Hypnosis can block sensory input
B. Hypnosis can affect voluntary but not involuntary behaviors
C. Hypnotized people are simply playing the role of "good hypnotic subjects"
D. Hypnotized people can endure pain without experiencing emotional distress |
|
Definition
| D. Hypnotized people can endure pain without experiencing emotional distress |
|
|
Term
The absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin has been linked to:
A. Insomnia
B. Sleep apnea
C. narcolepsy
D. Night terrors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The best time for athletes to engage in heavy exercise workouts is:
A. Early in the morning
B. Shortly before noon
C. Late afternoon or early evening
D. Within three hours of bedtime |
|
Definition
| C. Late afternoon or early evening |
|
|
Term
A need to take larger and larger doses of sleeping pills to avoid insomnia indicates :
A. Narcolepsy
B. Tolerance
C. Sleep apnea
D. REM Rebound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Depressants are drugs such as:
A. Marijuana and LSD
B. Barbiturates and opiates
C. Nicotine and caffeine
D. Cocaine and amphetamines |
|
Definition
| B. Barbiturates and opiates |
|
|
Term
Repeated use of an opiate:
A. Decreases the brain's production of endorphins
B. Increases the heart and breathing rates
C. Is not associated with any serious withdrawal symptoms
D. Triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations |
|
Definition
| A. Decreases the brain's production of endorphins |
|
|
Term
Unlike alcohol, the THC in marijuana:
A. Acts as a inhibitor
B. Impairs motor coordination skills
C. Promotes a state of relaxation
D. Lingers in the body for a week or more |
|
Definition
| D. Lingers in the body for a week or more |
|
|
Term
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ____ sleep.
A. NREM-1
B. NREM-2
C. NREM-3
D. REM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reduced immune system functioning is most likely to accompany long-term repeated use of:
A. Nembutal
B. Caffeine
C. Ecstasy
D. Morphine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Consciousness is:
A. The ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
B. The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
C. Effortless encoding of incidental information into memory'
D. Our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
|
Definition
| D. Our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
|
|
Term
Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again as they experience:
A. Night terrors
B. Narcolepsy
C. Sleep apnea
D. REM Sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One of the dangers of using Ecstasy at all-night dances is:
A. Increased appetite
B. Dehydration
C. Lethargy
D. Pupil contriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The use of barbiturates ____ anxiety and ___ nervous system activity.
A. Increases...decreases
B. Decreases...increases
C. Decreases...decreases
D. Increases...increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sleep deprivation has been shown to:
A. Increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks
B. Reduce REM rebound
C. Diminish immunity to disease
D. Decrease narcolepsy |
|
Definition
| C. Diminish immunity to disease |
|
|
Term
Most college students are "owls," with performance ____ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ____ as the day progresses.
A. Improving...declining
B. declining...improving
C. Declining...staying the same
D. Staying the same...declining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Freud, the dreams of adults can be traced back to: A. Erotic wishes B. Stressful life events C. Physiological needs for brain stimulation D. Random bursts of neural activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People can be hypnotically induced to:
A. Surpass their normal waking levels of physical strength and stamina
B. Perform dangerous acts that they would not perform in a normal state
C. Recall correctly almost anything that has ever happened to them
D. Report little pain from placing their arms in an ice bath |
|
Definition
| D. Report little pain from placing their arms in an ice bath |
|
|
Term
Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that:
A. An occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a heavy smoker
B. Regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for THC
C. Many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help
D. Individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an addict |
|
Definition
| C. Many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help |
|
|
Term
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by:
A. Most dreams are psychologically meaningless
B. The disruption of REM sleep leads to narcolepsy
C. Most mammals experience REM rebound
D. Sexual tension is naturally discharged during REM sleep |
|
Definition
| C. Most mammals experience REM rebound |
|
|
Term
The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called:
A. The cocktail party effect
B. The pop-out phenomenon
C. Dual processing
D. Neuroadaptation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hypnosis involves a state of...
A. increased physical stamina
B. Heightened openness to suggestion
C. Improved perceptual skills
D. Elevated autonomic arousal |
|
Definition
| B. Heightened openness to suggestion |
|
|
Term
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with...
A. Sleep spindles
B. Dissociation
C. REM Sleep
D. Sleep apnea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alcohol consumption is likely to be _____ attention to an arousing provocation and ______ attention to normal inhibitions.
A. Decrease...increase
B. Increase...decrease
C. Decrease...Decrease
D. Increase...increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively...
A. fast and especially effective for solving new problems
B. Slow and especially effective for solving new problems
C. fast and especially effective for solving routine problems
D. slow and especially effective for solving routine problems |
|
Definition
| B. Slow and especially effective for solving new problems |
|
|
Term
Researchers are most likely to question that value of hypnosis for:
A. Reducing fear
B. Enhancing memory
C. Relieving pain
D. Facilitating relaxation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the:
A. Brainstem
B. Hypothalamus
C. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
D. Dopamine reward system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Compared with adults, children are:
A. More likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking
B. Less likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking
C. Less likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking
D. More likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking |
|
Definition
| D. More likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking |
|
|
Term
The activation of light-sensitive retinal proteins in our eyes signals our brain to decrease the production of:
A. Melatonin
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. Dopamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to use at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of:
A. Circadian rhythms
B. Selective attention
C. REM Rebound
D. Hypnagogic sensations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that:
A. Men are less likely than women to report dreams with sexual orientation
B. The genital arousal that occurs during sleep is typically related to sexual dreams
C. People are more likely to dream of failure than of success
D. Most dreams are pleasant, exotic, and unrelated to ordinary daily life |
|
Definition
| C. People are more likely to dream of failure than of success |
|
|
Term
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called:
A. narcolepsy
B. Neuroadaptation
C. Paradoxical sleep
D. Inattention blindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sleep deprivation _____ the production of body fat by _____ levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
A. Stimulates...increasing
B. Inhibits...increasing
C. Stimulates...decreasing
D. Inhibits...decreasing |
|
Definition
| A. Stimulates...increasing |
|
|
Term
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because:
A. Our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is higher irregular
B. We are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily
C. Our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move
D. It leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images |
|
Definition
| C. Our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move |
|
|
Term
Gender identity refers to:
A. One's biological sex
B. The sense of being male or female
C. The set of expected behaviors for males or for females
D. How masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is |
|
Definition
| B. The sense of being male or female |
|
|
Term
According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the ______ of our ancestors.
A. Gender typing
B. Brain plasticity
C. Reproductive success
D. Neuroticism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn:
A. Stranger anxiety
B. Fetal alcohol syndrome
C. Infantile amnesia
D. Male systemizing tendency |
|
Definition
| D. Male systemizing tendency |
|
|
Term
Older adults who feel satisfied when reflecting on their lives demonstrate what Erikson called a sense of:
A. Attachment
B. Maturity
C. Integrity
D. Resilience |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be: A. Intelligent and imaginative B. Irritable and unpredictable C. Fearless and assertive D. Extraverted and cheerful |
|
Definition
| B. Irritable and unpredictable |
|
|
Term
Object permanence is the understanding that:
A. Developmental stages occur in a predictable sequence
B. Biological growth processes enable orderly development
C. Things continue to exist even when they are not perceived
D. The mass and volume of objects remain the same despite changes in their form |
|
Definition
| C. Things continue to exist even when they are not perceived |
|
|
Term
One form of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin contributes to the:
A. Collectivism
B. Gender schemas
C. A fearful temperament
D. Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strand has been identified as a(n):
A. X chromosome
B. Y chromosome
C. Gender schema
D. Epigenetic mark |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of:
A. Social learning theory
B. Gender typing
C. Temperament
D. Natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A random error in gene replication is know as a:
A. Gender schema
B. Genome
C. Mutation
D. Natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA is a complex:
A. Sex hormone
B. Gender schema
C. Molecule
D. Synapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
A. Sensorimotor
B. Peroperational
C. Concrete operational
D. Formal operational |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Human sperm cells ____ than egg cells.
A. Are larger
B. Contain more genes
C. Are smaller
D. Contain fewer genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A gender role refers to:
A. One's biological sex
B. A sense of being male or female
C. A set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
D. A sense of being homosexual or heterosexual |
|
Definition
| C. A set of expected behaviors for males and for females. |
|
|
Term
Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget:
A. Overestimated the continuity of cognitive development
B. Underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants
C. Overestimated the impact of culture on infant intelligence
D. Underestimated the impact of object permanence on infant attachment |
|
Definition
| B. Underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants |
|
|
Term
Identical twins originate from the fertilization of:
A. A single egg cell by a single sperm cell
B. Two egg cells by a single sperm cell
C. A single egg cell by two sperm cells
D. Two egg cells by two sperm cells |
|
Definition
| A. A single egg cell by a single sperm cell |
|
|
Term
As teens mature, the growth of myelin facilitates:
A. The development of secondary sex characteristics
B. Feelings of attraction toward those of the opposite (or the same) sex
C. The birth of new nerve cells in the hippocampus
D. Communication between the frontal lobes and other brain regions |
|
Definition
| D. Communication between the frontal lobes and other brain regions |
|
|
Term
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the:
A. Frontal lobes
B. Hypothalamus
C. Cerebellum
D. Brainstem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adolescence extends from:
A. The beginning of concrete operations to the end of formal operations
B. 12 to 15 years of age
C. The beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood
D. The beginnings to the end of the growth spurt |
|
Definition
| C. The beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood |
|
|
Term
Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are _____ similar in neuroticism and ______ similar in risk of divorcing.
A. more;less
B. less;more
C. more;more
D. less;less |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Research indicates that the high school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers also tend to:
A. Have the most intimate relationships with girlfriends
B. Have somewhat less intimate relationships with girlfriends
C. Take longer than normal to establish their own independence and separate identity
D. Have difficulty forming intimate relationships with boys |
|
Definition
| A. Have the most intimate relationships with girlfriends |
|
|
Term
Cognition refers to:
A. An emotional tie linking one person with another
B. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
C. Any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain
D. Any process of change that accompanies maturation |
|
Definition
| B. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
|
|
Term
An ongoing study of 1100 children in 10 American cities has found that those who had spent the most amount of time in day-care facilities had:
A. Slightly advanced thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness
B. Slightly inferior thinking and language skills and a decreased rate of aggressiveness
C. Slightly advanced thinking and language skills and a decreased rate of aggressiveness
D. Slightly inferior thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness |
|
Definition
| A. Slightly advanced thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness |
|
|
Term
A child's temperament is likely to be:
A. Difficult to observe
B. Stable over time
C. A product of parenting style
D. A reflection of his or her schemas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is:
A. More likely to affect a child's educational success
B. Less likely to affect whether a teen smokes
C. More likely to affect a child's language accent
D. Less likely to influence whether a preschooler will reject a certain food |
|
Definition
| C. More likely to affect a child's language accent |
|
|
Term
The heritability of a specific trait will be greatest among:
A. Genetically similar individuals who have been raised in similar environments
B. Genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments
C. Genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments
D. Genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments |
|
Definition
| C. Genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments |
|
|
Term
The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by:
A. Basic trust
B. Inner speech
C. Conservation
D. Imprinting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The genome is the complete:
A. The collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes
B. Range of traits that contribute to reproductive success
C. Set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes
D. Set of interactions between genes and environments |
|
Definition
| C. Set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes |
|
|
Term
Theories of human development have been most susceptible to criticism for overemphasizing:
A. Discrete age-linked stages
B. The interaction of nature and nurture
C. Maturation during adolescent development
D. Cognitive changes during childhood and development |
|
Definition
| A. Discrete age-linked stages |
|
|
Term
Norms are best described as:
A. The biochemical units of heredity
B. A person's characteristic emotional reactivity
C. Rules for socially acceptable behavior
D. A universally shared moral grammar |
|
Definition
| C. Rules for socially acceptable behavior |
|
|
Term
Researchers have detected unusually diffuse brain activity while people at risk for _____ are trying to memorize words.
A. Autism spectrum disorder
B. Fetal alcohol syndrome
C. Alzheimer's disease
D. Infantile amnesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Habituation refers to the:
A. Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
B. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed
C. Adjustment of current schemas to make sense of new information
D. Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience |
|
Definition
| B. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed |
|
|
Term
According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the:
A. Toddler
B. Preschooler
C. Elementary schoolchild
D. Adolescent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):
A. Specified time period has elapsed
B. Unpredicted time period has elapsed
C. Specified number of responses have been made
D. Unpredictable number of responses have been made |
|
Definition
| C. Specified number of responses have been made |
|
|
Term
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):
A. Unpredictable time has elapsed
B. Specified time period has passed
C. Specified number of responses has been made
D. Unpredictable number of responses has been made |
|
Definition
| B. Specified time period has passed |
|
|
Term
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for:
A. The law of effect
B. Spontaneous recovery
C. Observational learning
D. Extrinsic motivation |
|
Definition
| C. Observational learning |
|
|
Term
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called:
A. Classical conditioning
B. Cognitive Learning
C. Partial reinforcement
D. Shaping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Psychologists define learning as the process of:
A. Adapting to the environment
B. Responding to external stimuli
C. Reinforcing behavioral responses
D. Acquiring new information or relatively enduring bahviors |
|
Definition
| D. Acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors |
|
|
Term
A learned association between two stimuli is central to:
A. Shaping
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Extrinsic movement
D. Classical conditioning |
|
Definition
| D. Classical conditioning |
|
|
Term
Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) _____ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ______ stimulus following a behavior.
A. pleasant;pleasant
B. Aversive;aversive
C. Pleasant;aversive
D. Aversive;pleasant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a _____ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the _____.
A. US;CS
B. UR;CR
C. CS;US
D. CR;UR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extinction occurs when a _____ is no longer paired with a _____.
A. UR;CR
B. CS;UR
C. US;UR
D. CS;US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of:
A. Spontaneous recovery
B. Cognitive processes
C. Associated learning
D. Discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates:
A. Spontaneous recovery
B. Instinctive drift
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Overimitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of:
A. Negative reinforcement
B. Instinctive drift
C. Discrimination
D. Extinction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A Skinner box is a(n):
A. Aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors
B. "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices
C. Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
D. Television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning |
|
Definition
| C. Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward |
|
|
Term
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:
A. Justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm
B. Unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm
C. Justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm
D. Unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm |
|
Definition
| A. Justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm |
|
|
Term
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:
A. Generalization
B. Spontaneous recovery
C. Secondary reinforcement
D. Shaping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called:
A. Shaping
B. Observational learning
C. The law of effect
D. Latent learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence _____ increased rates of violent behavior.
A. Inhibits
B. Causes
C. Is unrelated to
D. Predicts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:
A. Continuous reinforcement and latent learning
B. Positive reinforcement and punishment
C. Shaping and immediate reinforcement
D. Observational learning and spontaneous recovery |
|
Definition
| C. Shaping and immediate reinforcement |
|
|
Term
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was:
A. A tone
B. Salivation to the sound of a tone
C. The presentation of food in the dog's mouth
D. Salivation to the food in the mouth |
|
Definition
| C. The presentation of food in the dog's mouth |
|
|
Term
Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction in fear best illustrated the process of:
A. Shaping
B. Extinction
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Secondary reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The use of physical punishment may:
A. Lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior
B. Model aggression as a way of coping with problems
C. Lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent
D. Have all of these results |
|
Definition
| D. Have all of these results |
|
|
Term
Shaping is a(n) _____ procedure.
A. Latent learning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Classical conditioning
D. Observational learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:
A. Secondary reinforcement
B. Generalization
C. Shaping
D. Spontaneous recovery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because:
A. It highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning
B. So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned
C. It demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning
D. All learning depends on reinforcement |
|
Definition
| B. So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned |
|
|
Term
Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of:
A. Immediate reinforcement
B. Spontaneous recovery
C. Observational learning
D. Shaping |
|
Definition
| C. Observational learning |
|
|
Term
B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's:
A. Personal freedom
B. Early childhood experiences
C. Please-seeking tendencies
D. Cultural background |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves:
A. Latent learning
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. Partial reinforcement
D. Delayed reinforces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of _____ in conditioning.
A. Shaping
B. Discrimination
C. Generalization
D. Cognitive processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:
A. Acquisition
B. Discrimination
C. Generalization
D. Latent Learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food of pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signalling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n):
A. Unconditioned stimulus
B. Partial reinforcement
C. Discriminative stimulus
D. Primary reinforcer |
|
Definition
| C. Discriminative stimulus |
|
|
Term
A psychologist would be most likely to use _____ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.
A. Mirror neurons
B. Modeling
C. A cognitive map
D. Shaping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Operant response rates tend to be _____ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be _____ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.
A. Higher;less
B. Lower;more
C. Higher;more
D. Lower;less |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit:
A. Respondent behavior
B. Latent learning
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Intrinsic motivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mood congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become:
A. Implicit memories
B. Retrieval cues
C. Iconic memories
D. Source misattributions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The retention of encoded information over time refers to:
A. Effortful processing
B. Implicit memory
C. Repression
D. Storage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a _____ effect than is their later recall of the items.
A. Spacing
B. Recency
C. Misinformation
D. Self-reference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Researchers observed that people exposed to very convincing arguments about the value of frequent toothbrushing tended to:
A. Quickly forget the arguments if they were in the habit of brushing frequently
B. Quickly forget the arguments if they were not in the habit of brushing frequently
C. Exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past
D. Exaggerate how infrequently they had brushed their teeth in the past |
|
Definition
| C. Exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past |
|
|
Term
The process of getting information out of memory is called:
A. Encoding
B. Relearning
C. Retrieval
D. Rehearsal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Retroactive interference involves the disruption of:
A. Automatic processing
B. Iconic memory
C. Memory Retrieval
D. Semantic processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as:
A. Retroactive interference
B. Proactive interference
C. Repression
D. Priming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The basal ganglia facilitate the processing of:
A. Procedural memories
B. Explicit memories
C. Echoic memories
D. Flashbulb memories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially:
A. Slow and subsequently stays slow
B. Slow and subsequently speeds up
C. Rapid and subsequently stays rapid
D. Rapid and subsequently slows down |
|
Definition
| D. Rapid and subsequently slows down |
|
|
Term
The neurotransmitter glutamate _____ LTP and the protein CREB _____ LTP.
A. Disrupts;disrupts
B. Facilitates;facilitates
C. Disrupts;facilitates
D. Facilitates;disrupts |
|
Definition
| B. Facilitates;facilitates |
|
|
Term
Memories are primed by:
A. Repression
B. Retrieval cues
C. Retroactive interference
D. Source amnesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decided whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of:
A. The serial position effect
B. The peg-word system
C. Deep processing
D. Echoic memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Research on memory construction indicates that:
A. Recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past.
B. False memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened
C. Hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval
D. It is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened |
|
Definition
| B. False memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened |
|
|
Term
Déjá vu refers to:
A. Emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events
B. Tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood
C. Unconscious activation of particular associations in memory
D. Eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event |
|
Definition
| D. Eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event |
|
|
Term
After long-term potentiation has occurred:
A. Sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily
B. It takes longer to process new information
C. A receiving neuron's receptor sites are reduced
D. You more readily forget facts that you once knew |
|
Definition
| A. Sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily |
|
|
Term
Cortex areas surrounding the hippocampus and supporting the processing and storing of explicit memories are located in the:
A. Amygdala
B. Basal ganglia
C. Cerebellum
D. Temporal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Long-term potentiation is believed to be:
A. The elimination of anxiety-producing thoughts from conscious awareness
B. The disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
C. The process of getting information out of memory
D. A neural basis for learning and memory |
|
Definition
| D. A neural basis for learning and memory |
|
|
Term
A mnemonic is a:
A. Sensory memory
B. Test or measure of memory
C. Long-term memory
D. Memory aid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When children are interviewed about their recollection of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if:
A. They are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions
B. After responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered
C. They use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched
D. Involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview |
|
Definition
| D. Involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview |
|
|
Term
Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it had learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent if from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of:
A. Chunking
B. The spacing effect
C. Memory consolidation
D. The serial position effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Encoding verbal information semantically involves:
A. Shallow processing
B. Echoic memory
C. Deep processing
D. Iconic memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process of encoding refers to:
A. The persistence of learning over time
B. The recall of information previously learned
C. Getting information into memory
D. A clear memory of an emotionally significant event |
|
Definition
| C. Getting information into memory |
|
|
Term
In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word, "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled:
A. Broken glass at the scene of the accident
B. That the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated
C. That the drivers of the vehicles were males
D. The details of the accident with vivid accuracy |
|
Definition
| A. Broken glass at the scene of the accident |
|
|
Term
The effortful processing of information:
A. Cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing
B. Refers to the process of getting information out of our memory storage
C. Can become automatic through practice
D. Occurs less frequently among adults than children |
|
Definition
| C. Can become automatic through practice |
|
|
Term
In one experiment, participants primed with words related to _______ were less likely to help another person who asked for their help.
A. Food
B. Money
C. Books
D. Computers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play. This ability is best explained in terms of:
A. The spacing effect
B. Chunking
C. The serial position effect
D. Mood-congruent memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Explicit memory is also known as:
A. Procedural memory
B. Context-dependent memory
C. Declarative memory
D. Mood-congruent memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants:
A. Recalled only half of the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them
B. Recalled only about seven letters due to storage limitation
C. Had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters
D. Formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter |
|
Definition
| C. Had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters |
|
|
Term
Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced learning following enhanced production of the protein:
A. LTP
B. CREB
C. GABA
D. THC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of:
A. The serial position effect
B. Chunking
C. The spacing effect
D. The peg-word system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as:
A. 12 seconds
B. 1 minute
C. 12 minutes
D. 1 hour |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on:
A. The serial position effect
B. Proactive interference
C. Visual encoding
D. Memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Half of the participants reported experiencing:
A. The misinformation effect
B. Anterograde amnesia
C. Déjá vu
D. The spacing effect |
|
Definition
|
|
