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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. “I knew it all along!” |
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| Curiosity, skepticism, and humility. |
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| The 3 attitudes that help make modern science possible. |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions (smart thinking). Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events. |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
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| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to defined research variables. (For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. (If other researchers re-create a study (REPLICATE) then our confidence in the finding’s reliability grows.) |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. |
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| “Wording effects” issue in a survey |
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Definition
| The fact that the phrasing of a question (even if the meanings are the same) will affect people’s expressed opinions. (For example: People are more likely to approve “not allowing” too much TV violence rather than “forbidding” it or “censoring” it.) |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. |
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| observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
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| a statistical index of the relationship/correlation between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00). |
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Definition
| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). |
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Definition
| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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| a correlation of two sets of scores that relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down. |
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| a correlation of two sets of scores that relate directly, they both tend to rise or fall together. |
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| Correlations help us predict, but do NOT prove anything. |
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| Does a correlation indicate a possibility of a cause-effect relationship, or does it prove a cause-effect relationship? |
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Definition
| A perceived but nonexistent correlation. (When we believe there is a relationship between 2 things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief.) |
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Yes.
It is called a “perceived order” in random events. |
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Definition
| Can you perceive order in random events, seeing patterns in data that do not actually exist? |
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Definition
| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (the dependent variable). |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. (Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.) |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |
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Definition
| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
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| in an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment, and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. |
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| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. |
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| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |
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| A: Averages derived from scored with LOW variability. |
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| Q: Which averages are more reliable? The averages derived from scores with low variability or the averages derived from scores with high variability? |
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| Normal (distribution) curve |
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Definition
| a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. (This bell-shaped curve is typical of a large variety of data found in nature.) |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. |
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| the enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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