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Definition
| process by which our sensory receptors receive and represent stimuli from our enviroonment |
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| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
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sensation gives _______
perception gives ______ |
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| conversion of one form of energy to another |
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| energies such as sights, sounds, and smells are transformed into _____ ____ to be interpreted by our brains |
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Definition
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Definition
| begins with sensory recpetors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
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| higher level mental processing (experience and expectation)guide information processing |
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| study of how physical energy relates to psychological experience |
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| minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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| predicts when we will detect weak signals. poses no absolute threshold. detection depends on experience, expectation, motivation and level of fatigue. |
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| any stimuli that is detected by sensory organs, but person is not consciously aware |
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| true or false: if you are unaware of something, it is because your brain did not process it. |
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Definition
| activation (usually unconsciously) of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response. |
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| true or false: priming can put things on one's mind, but not change it |
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| aka just noticeable differences. minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time |
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| 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different |
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (Changes are important) |
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Definition
| outer layer, protects eye |
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Definition
| adjustable opening, center of eye, where light enters |
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Definition
| ring of muscle, controls size of pupil, colored part |
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| transparent structure, changes shape to help focus, accommodation |
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| light-sensitive inner surface, made up of rods, cones, and layers of neural that begin processing visual information |
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Definition
| receptors, black white & gray, peripheral and twilight vision |
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Definition
| receptors, near center of retina, detect fine detail and color, daylight vision |
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Definition
| central focal point of retina, cones clustered |
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Definition
| carries neural impulses from eye to the brain |
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| where optic nerves leaves the eye, no receptor cells |
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Definition
| depends on wavelength, determines color |
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Definition
| waves amplitude, determines perceived brightness |
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Definition
| sharpness of an individual's vision |
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| focuses light in front of the retina |
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| focuses light behind retina |
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| captures sound waves & funnels them down the ear canal -> eardrum. |
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| chamber between eardrum and cochlea |
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| three bones that make up middle ear |
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Definition
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| function of the middle ear |
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Definition
| concentrate vibrations and transmit them to cochlea |
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Definition
| coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube. sound waves trigger neural impulses |
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| semicircular canals and vestibular tubes |
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Definition
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| loudness is determined by... |
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Definition
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| pitch is determined by... |
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Definition
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Definition
| damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
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| sensorineural hearing loss (near deafness) |
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Definition
| damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves. |
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Definition
| one sense may influence another |
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Definition
| focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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Definition
| failing to see visable objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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Definition
| failing to notice changes, even when looking for them |
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an organized whole
-people tend to integrate many discrete pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
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Definition
| organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) |
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Definition
| perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
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Definition
| Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Good Continuation, Common Fate, and Good Form |
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Definition
| ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strikes the retina are 2 dimensional |
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| depth perception allows us to... |
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Definition
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Definition
| even babies can see when something ends |
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Definition
| depend on the use of two eyes to perceive depth cues |
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Definition
| available to either eye alone |
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Term
| retina disparity (binocular cue) |
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Definition
| greater the disparity between 2 images -> closer the objects are |
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Term
| convergence (binocular cue) |
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Definition
| degree to which eyes converge inward while looking at an object. greater the strain -> closer object appears. |
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| relative size (monocular cue) |
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Definition
| bigger things appear closer |
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Definition
| if one object blocks the view of another, it is closer |
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| clearer things are closer |
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| moving from a distinct to indistinct texture -> increasing distance. |
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Definition
| things that are taller appear to be father away |
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Definition
| objects that are near appear to move faster in relation to the viewer than objects at a distance |
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| linear perspective (mono) |
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Definition
| parallel lines appear to converge in the distance |
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Definition
| nearby objects reflect more light, so objects that are dimmer -> farther away |
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| perceiving objects as unchanging (even though our retinal images and illumination changes) |
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| persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
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| a clear memory of an emotionally significant event |
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| three things a memory theory must account for |
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Definition
| encoding, storage, retrival |
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Definition
| processing of information into the memory system |
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Definition
| retention of encoded information over time |
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| process of getting information out of memory storage |
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Term
| according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model, ENCODING is what memory part? |
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Definition
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| according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model, STORAGE is what memory part? |
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Definition
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| according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model, RETRIEVAL is what memory part? |
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Definition
| understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spacial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory |
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Definition
unconscious encoding of incidental information
ex -> space (location of many objects), time (sequence of events over time, order), frequency (how many times), well-learned information (word meaning) |
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| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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| conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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| tendency for distributed studying to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed studying (cramming) |
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Definition
| tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
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Definition
| organize info to be encoded, remember more info |
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| imagery (mnemonic device) |
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Definition
| employing mental pictures to better remember meaningful info |
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| chunking (mnemonic device) |
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
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| hierarchies (mnemonic device) |
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Definition
| organizing info into nested chunks of info |
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Term
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Definition
| momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (experienced as a momentary picture image) |
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Definition
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
(bored husband) |
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| short duration, limited capacity, and acts as the bottleneck for memory processes are characteristics of... |
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Definition
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Term
| long duration and UNlimited capacity are characteristics of... |
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Definition
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Term
| implicit memory (long-term) |
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Definition
| retention independent of conscious recollection (procedural memory like for eating or going to the bathroom) |
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Term
| explicit memory (long-term) |
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Definition
| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know (declarative memory like knowing the name of your wife or pet) |
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Term
| explicit memories are processed in the ______ |
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Definition
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| implicit memories are processed in the _________ |
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Definition
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Definition
| measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned later (fill-in-the-blank) |
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Definition
| measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (mult. choice) |
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Definition
| memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for the second time (studying for exam) |
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Term
| retrieval cues consist of |
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Definition
info in environment that assists us in accessing stored memories
operate via priming |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious activation of particular associations in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| internal states can trigger memories or make them more accessible. |
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Definition
| tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
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| encoding faulire (forgetting) |
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Definition
| fail to encode info -> cannot enter long-term memory |
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| storage decay (forgetting) |
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Definition
| even after learning well -> forget info |
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| retrieval failure (forgetting) |
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Definition
| info was encoded and stored -> memory is inaccessible |
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Definition
| prior learning disrupts recall of new info |
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Definition
| new learning disrupts recall of old info |
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Definition
| banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from conscious awareness |
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| Memory construction mainly consists of (2) |
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Definition
| memory creation and misremembering |
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Definition
| incorporating misleading info into on'es memory of an event |
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Definition
| attributing event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined to wrong source. |
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Definition
| mental quality consisting of ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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Definition
| general intelligence factor, underlies specific mental abilities |
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Definition
| condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skills set |
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Definition
| ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotion |
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Definition
| ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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| three things correlated with a high "g" |
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Definition
| brain size and complexity, perceptual speed, neurological speed |
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Definition
| method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others |
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Definition
| developed test to measure intelligence vs. mental age (to determine children with special needs) |
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Definition
| measure of intelligence comparing chronological age with average performance |
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Definition
| extended Binet's test. created SAT |
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| ratio of mental age to chronological age x100 |
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| designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn |
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Definition
| designed to assess what a person has learned |
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| defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardized group |
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| test yields consistent results between tests and retests |
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| test measures what it's supposed to |
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| test samples behavior that is of interest |
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| test predicts behavior it's intended to predict |
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| low extreme of intelligence AND AND AND AND AND difficulty adapting to demands of life |
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Definition
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| intelligence is ONLY genetic. true or false |
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Definition
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| what percent of variation can be attributed to genetic factors? |
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Definition
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| Advantages for ladies intelligence |
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Definition
| spelling, verbal fluency, rapid math calc, spatial layout, emotion detection |
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| advantages for men intelligence |
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Definition
| verbal analogy, rapid math reasoning, geometric layout |
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Definition
| if questions are catered to knowledge base of a given group |
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Definition
| less valid for one group than another. |
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Definition
| self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
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Definition
| emotions follow body responses |
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Definition
| emotions are indistinct and biological. responses are too slow. co-occur. |
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Definition
| emotions are caused by a combination of the body's response and cognitions |
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| emotions come from the ______ nervous system |
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Definition
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| polygraphs are reliable because they measure how truthful one is being. true or false |
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Definition
| FALSE. polygraphs measure arousal, not truthfulness |
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| Most efficient organ for expressing emotion |
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Definition
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| part of the brain where fear is identified |
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Definition
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| happiness is an _____ state. it is a critically psychological experience |
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Definition
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| adaptation-level phenomena |
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Definition
| tendency to form judgments realtive to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
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Definition
| perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
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Definition
| self perceived happiness or satisfaction, used along with actual life circumstances to evaluate a persons life is relative to how happy they are. |
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Definition
| people tend to be helpful when they are already in a good mood |
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