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PSY 101: Exam 3
sensation, perception, memory, intelligence & emotion
157
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/12/2012

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Term
Sensation
Definition
process by which our sensory receptors receive and represent stimuli from our enviroonment
Term
Perception
Definition
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Term
sensation gives _______
perception gives ______
Definition
info; meaning
Term
transduction
Definition
conversion of one form of energy to another
Term
energies such as sights, sounds, and smells are transformed into _____ ____ to be interpreted by our brains
Definition
neural impulses
Term
bottom up processing
Definition
begins with sensory recpetors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Term
top down processing
Definition
higher level mental processing (experience and expectation)guide information processing
Term
psychophysics
Definition
study of how physical energy relates to psychological experience
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Term
signal detection theory
Definition
predicts when we will detect weak signals. poses no absolute threshold. detection depends on experience, expectation, motivation and level of fatigue.
Term
subliminal
Definition
any stimuli that is detected by sensory organs, but person is not consciously aware
Term
true or false: if you are unaware of something, it is because your brain did not process it.
Definition
false
Term
priming
Definition
activation (usually unconsciously) of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response.
Term
true or false: priming can put things on one's mind, but not change it
Definition
True
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
aka just noticeable differences. minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (Changes are important)
Term
cornea
Definition
outer layer, protects eye
Term
Pupil
Definition
adjustable opening, center of eye, where light enters
Term
iris
Definition
ring of muscle, controls size of pupil, colored part
Term
lens
Definition
transparent structure, changes shape to help focus, accommodation
Term
retina
Definition
light-sensitive inner surface, made up of rods, cones, and layers of neural that begin processing visual information
Term
rods
Definition
receptors, black white & gray, peripheral and twilight vision
Term
cones
Definition
receptors, near center of retina, detect fine detail and color, daylight vision
Term
Fovea
Definition
central focal point of retina, cones clustered
Term
optic nerve
Definition
carries neural impulses from eye to the brain
Term
blind spot
Definition
where optic nerves leaves the eye, no receptor cells
Term
Hue
Definition
depends on wavelength, determines color
Term
Intensity
Definition
waves amplitude, determines perceived brightness
Term
visual acuity
Definition
sharpness of an individual's vision
Term
nearsightedness
Definition
focuses light in front of the retina
Term
farsightedness
Definition
focuses light behind retina
Term
astigmatism
Definition
misshapen retina
Term
job of the outer ear
Definition
captures sound waves & funnels them down the ear canal -> eardrum.
Term
Middle ear
Definition
chamber between eardrum and cochlea
Term
three bones that make up middle ear
Definition
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Term
function of the middle ear
Definition
concentrate vibrations and transmit them to cochlea
Term
cochlea
Definition
coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube. sound waves trigger neural impulses
Term
semicircular canals and vestibular tubes
Definition
provide sense of balance
Term
loudness is determined by...
Definition
wave's amplitude
Term
pitch is determined by...
Definition
frequency or wavelength
Term
conduction hearing loss
Definition
damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Term
sensorineural hearing loss (near deafness)
Definition
damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves.
Term
sensory interaction
Definition
one sense may influence another
Term
selective attention
Definition
focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
failing to see visable objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Term
change blindness
Definition
failing to notice changes, even when looking for them
Term
gestalt
Definition
an organized whole
-people tend to integrate many discrete pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Term
figure-ground
Definition
organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
Term
grouping
Definition
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Term
grouping principles
Definition
Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Good Continuation, Common Fate, and Good Form
Term
depth perception
Definition
ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strikes the retina are 2 dimensional
Term
depth perception allows us to...
Definition
judge distance
Term
visual cliff
Definition
even babies can see when something ends
Term
Binocular cues
Definition
depend on the use of two eyes to perceive depth cues
Term
monocular cues
Definition
available to either eye alone
Term
retina disparity (binocular cue)
Definition
greater the disparity between 2 images -> closer the objects are
Term
convergence (binocular cue)
Definition
degree to which eyes converge inward while looking at an object. greater the strain -> closer object appears.
Term
relative size (monocular cue)
Definition
bigger things appear closer
Term
interposition (mono)
Definition
if one object blocks the view of another, it is closer
Term
relative clarity (mono)
Definition
clearer things are closer
Term
texture gradient (mono)
Definition
moving from a distinct to indistinct texture -> increasing distance.
Term
relative height (mono)
Definition
things that are taller appear to be father away
Term
relative motion (mono)
Definition
objects that are near appear to move faster in relation to the viewer than objects at a distance
Term
linear perspective (mono)
Definition
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
Term
light & shadow (mono)
Definition
nearby objects reflect more light, so objects that are dimmer -> farther away
Term
perceptual constancy
Definition
perceiving objects as unchanging (even though our retinal images and illumination changes)
Term
Muller-Lyer illusion
Definition
<----->

>-----<
Term
Memory
Definition
persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Term
Flashbulb memory
Definition
a clear memory of an emotionally significant event
Term
three things a memory theory must account for
Definition
encoding, storage, retrival
Term
encoding
Definition
processing of information into the memory system
Term
storage
Definition
retention of encoded information over time
Term
retieval
Definition
process of getting information out of memory storage
Term
according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model, ENCODING is what memory part?
Definition
sensory memory
Term
according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model, STORAGE is what memory part?
Definition
short-term memory
Term
according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model, RETRIEVAL is what memory part?
Definition
long-term memory
Term
short term memory AKA
Definition
working memory
Term
Working memory
Definition
understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spacial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory
Term
Automatic processing
Definition
unconscious encoding of incidental information
ex -> space (location of many objects), time (sequence of events over time, order), frequency (how many times), well-learned information (word meaning)
Term
Effortful processing
Definition
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Term
spacing effect
Definition
tendency for distributed studying to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed studying (cramming)
Term
serial position effect
Definition
tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Term
2 functions of mnemonics
Definition
organize info to be encoded, remember more info
Term
imagery (mnemonic device)
Definition
employing mental pictures to better remember meaningful info
Term
chunking (mnemonic device)
Definition
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Term
hierarchies (mnemonic device)
Definition
organizing info into nested chunks of info
Term
Iconic memory (sensory)
Definition
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (experienced as a momentary picture image)
Term
Echoic memory (sensory)
Definition
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
(bored husband)
Term
short duration, limited capacity, and acts as the bottleneck for memory processes are characteristics of...
Definition
working memory
Term
long duration and UNlimited capacity are characteristics of...
Definition
long-term memory
Term
implicit memory (long-term)
Definition
retention independent of conscious recollection (procedural memory like for eating or going to the bathroom)
Term
explicit memory (long-term)
Definition
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know (declarative memory like knowing the name of your wife or pet)
Term
explicit memories are processed in the ______
Definition
hippocampus
Term
implicit memories are processed in the _________
Definition
cerebellum
Term
recall
Definition
measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned later (fill-in-the-blank)
Term
recognition
Definition
measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (mult. choice)
Term
relearning
Definition
memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for the second time (studying for exam)
Term
retrieval cues consist of
Definition
info in environment that assists us in accessing stored memories
operate via priming
Term
priming
Definition
unconscious activation of particular associations in memory
Term
state dependent memory
Definition
internal states can trigger memories or make them more accessible.
Term
mood-congruent memory
Definition
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
Term
encoding faulire (forgetting)
Definition
fail to encode info -> cannot enter long-term memory
Term
storage decay (forgetting)
Definition
even after learning well -> forget info
Term
retrieval failure (forgetting)
Definition
info was encoded and stored -> memory is inaccessible
Term
proactive interference
Definition
prior learning disrupts recall of new info
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
new learning disrupts recall of old info
Term
repression
Definition
banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from conscious awareness
Term
Memory construction mainly consists of (2)
Definition
memory creation and misremembering
Term
Misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating misleading info into on'es memory of an event
Term
source amnesia
Definition
attributing event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined to wrong source.
Term
intelligence
Definition
mental quality consisting of ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Term
general intelligence (g)
Definition
general intelligence factor, underlies specific mental abilities
Term
savant syndrome
Definition
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skills set
Term
Emotional intelligence
Definition
ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotion
Term
creativity
Definition
ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Term
three things correlated with a high "g"
Definition
brain size and complexity, perceptual speed, neurological speed
Term
intelligence testing
Definition
method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others
Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
developed test to measure intelligence vs. mental age (to determine children with special needs)
Term
mental age
Definition
measure of intelligence comparing chronological age with average performance
Term
Lewis Thurman
Definition
extended Binet's test. created SAT
Term
IQ
Definition
ratio of mental age to chronological age x100
Term
Aptitude test
Definition
designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn
Term
achievement test
Definition
designed to assess what a person has learned
Term
standardization
Definition
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardized group
Term
reliability
Definition
test yields consistent results between tests and retests
Term
validity
Definition
test measures what it's supposed to
Term
content validity
Definition
test samples behavior that is of interest
Term
predictive validity
Definition
test predicts behavior it's intended to predict
Term
mental retardation
Definition
low extreme of intelligence AND AND AND AND AND difficulty adapting to demands of life
Term
mensa
Definition
IQ of 132+
Term
intelligence is ONLY genetic. true or false
Definition
false
Term
what percent of variation can be attributed to genetic factors?
Definition
50%
Term
Advantages for ladies intelligence
Definition
spelling, verbal fluency, rapid math calc, spatial layout, emotion detection
Term
advantages for men intelligence
Definition
verbal analogy, rapid math reasoning, geometric layout
Term
bias
Definition
if questions are catered to knowledge base of a given group
Term
scientifically biased
Definition
less valid for one group than another.
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Term
James-Lang Theory
Definition
emotions follow body responses
Term
Cannon-Bard theory
Definition
emotions are indistinct and biological. responses are too slow. co-occur.
Term
Two-factor theory
Definition
emotions are caused by a combination of the body's response and cognitions
Term
emotions come from the ______ nervous system
Definition
Autonomic
Term
polygraphs are reliable because they measure how truthful one is being. true or false
Definition
FALSE. polygraphs measure arousal, not truthfulness
Term
Most efficient organ for expressing emotion
Definition
Face
Term
gaze indicates
Definition
love <3
Term
averted glances indicate
Definition
submissiveness
Term
stares indicate
Definition
dominance
Term
2 dimensions of emotion
Definition
arousal and pleasantness
Term
fear is...
Definition
uniquely biological
Term
most fears are...
Definition
inborn
Term
part of the brain where fear is identified
Definition
amygdala
Term
happiness is an _____ state. it is a critically psychological experience
Definition
objective.
Term
adaptation-level phenomena
Definition
tendency to form judgments realtive to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Term
subjective well-being
Definition
self perceived happiness or satisfaction, used along with actual life circumstances to evaluate a persons life is relative to how happy they are.
Term
feel good, do good
Definition
people tend to be helpful when they are already in a good mood
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