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PSY 101 Exam 2
Smith, Jennifer
135
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/03/2013

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Term
3 main stages of prenatal development
Definition
embryonic stage (structures)
fetal stage (functions)
full term
Term
prenatal programming
Definition
how events in the womb can affect fetal development
Term
neural migration
Definition
the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination occurs during months 3-5 of the fetal stage
Term
teratogens/toxins
Definition
things that can be ingested that will affect a growing baby
Term
FASD
Definition
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
spectrum because of varying effects
Term
alcohol consumption by mother leads to
Definition
low birth weight
physical abnormalities
mental retardation (leading cause)
Term
reflexes
Definition
grasping
rooting
bobinski
stepping
sucking
Term
rooting
Definition
turn towards you if you touch the cheek
Term
bobinski
Definition
touch bottom of the foot
Term
examples of early motor development
Definition
sitting, crawling, walking
Term
examples of fine motor skills
Definition
drawing, using scissors
Term
visual cliff
Definition
by the time they're able to crawl, babies can perceive depth
emotional reactions persuade or dissuade to cross visual cliff
Term
pruning
Definition
dying off of neurons
use it or lose it
Term
musicians' early brain development
Definition
somatosensory cortex is stronger depending on the dominant hand of your instrument (lateralization)
corpus callosum is stronger, more interaction between the two hemispheres
cerebellum is more developed
higher IQ
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Definition
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
0-2
use senses and movement to learn
object permanence
A not B error
Term
object permanence
Definition
objects don't disappear when out of sight
Term
A not B error
Definition
look for toy wehre he last found it, not las saw it to rely on past successful events
Term
Pre-Operational Stage
Definition
2-5
symbolic thought begins
animistic thinking, everything is alive to them
cant' understand conservation
egocentrism
Term
conservation
Definition
you can change an object's shape while the amount remains the same
crumpled up piece of paper doesn't weight more, longer row of quarters
Term
egocentrism
Definition
don't understand others have a different perspective than you do
Term
Concrete Operational Stage
Definition
6-11
child can perform mental operations (reversing) on real objects or events
conservation is possible
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
ideas and knowledge about how other peoples' minds work
children under 4 don't understand people can believe something that is false
Term
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Definition
Pre-Conventional Level
Conventional Level
Post-Conventional Level
Term
Lawerence Kohlberg
Definition
posed the scenario of a man willing to steal in order to get his wife medicine
Heinz Dilemma
Term
Pre-Conventional Level
Definition
avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards
Heinz shouldn't steal because he will get in trouble
Term
Conventional Level
Definition
valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as social order/lawfulness
society wouldn't work if we all stole things
Heinz should steal but not go to jail
Term
Post-Conventional Level
Definition
universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules
Heinz should steal the drug but pay the consequences
Term
Bowlby
Definition
separation anxiety
child must have reliable, consistent, secure base in order to have separation anxiety
affects how we bond the rest of our lives
Term
Mary Ainsworth
Definition
posed "strange situation" to establish a way to separate mom from child in a lab
Term
secure attachment
Definition
only health one
infants will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation
Term
insecure-resistant attachment
Definition
infant cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty returning to play
Term
insecure-avoidant attachment
Definition
shows little to no distress in the separation episodes, indifferent once mom returns, tends to ignore and avoid her
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
which is more important-meeting physical or emotional needs?
used monkeys to test theory
Term
Formal Operational Stage
Definition
consists of the ability to reason abstractly, scientifically, and philosophically
able to hypothesize
frontal lobe still developing
Term
social development in adolescence
Definition
search for identity
friends over family
emergence of sexual interest and relationships
emerging adulthood (18-25)
Term
Kubler-Ross's 5 Stages of Death and Dying
Definition
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition
controls temperature, melatonin, and alertness
circadians change over time (little kids get up early)
travelling west is easier for circadian rhythm (gaining time)
Term
melatonin
Definition
production inhibited by bright light
Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Definition
timekeeper of your brain and body
Term
rapid eye movement (REM)
Definition
stage 5 sleep
most brain activity (not deep sleep)
physically paralyzed
happens a lot towards the end of the night
more in children, who are always learning new things
Term
stage 2 sleep
Definition
sleep spindles (short bursts of energy)
K complexes
Term
stage 3 sleep
Definition
slow waves (delta)
part of deep sleep
Term
stage 4 sleep
Definition
slow waves (delta)
part of deep sleep
Term
order of sleep stages
Definition
1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM
Term
stage 1 sleep
Definition
beta waves
alpha waves
theta waves
Term
sleep debt
Definition
whole country is sleep deprived
deal with it through caffeine, being tired
up to 30% of car accidents are due to sleep deprivation
Term
insomnia
Definition
number one sleep disorder
self-diagnosed
not being able to fall/stay asleep
Term
being tired
Definition
number one sleep complaint
Term
hypersomnia
Definition
being sleepy throughout the day
can be a symptom of another disorder, ie apnea
aka EDS (excessive daytime sleepiness)
Term
apnea
Definition
not getting enough oxygen throughout the night
Term
OSA
Definition
obstructive sleep apnea
obstruction, ie obesity, especially neck circumference and also jaw shape
treated with dental, most lose weight or have CPAP machine (continuous positive airway pressure)
Term
CSA
Definition
central sleep apnea
neurological problem
brain tells you to stop
less common
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
brain can't regulate when it's supposed to sleep
Term
cataplexy
Definition
form of narcolepsy
loss of muscle tone
induced by emotional/excited status
Term
parasomnia
Definition
"alongside sleep"
happens with sleep
Term
sleepwalking
Definition
form of parasomnia
happens during slow wave/non-REM sleep
Term
REM Behavior Disorder
Definition
form of parasomnia
mechanism that paralyzes the body is not functioning properly
people will act out their dreams, which are usually very emotional
trying to fight off or defend yourself
Term
psychoanalytic theory of dreaming
Definition
Freud
impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind
dreams operate on manifest and latent levels of consciousness
Term
manifest level
Definition
the dream that is consciously recalled after waking up
Term
latent level
Definition
the deeper, unconscious level, where the meaning of the dream lies
Term
biological theory of dreaming
Definition
AIM Theory
activation, input, and mode
Term
activation
Definition
amount of neural activation
low activation in stages 3-4, high in REM
Term
input
Definition
stimulation is either internal or external
awake: external world
asleep: internal world, especially in REM
Term
mode
Definition
ranges from logical (wakeful) to loose-illogical (dreaming) states
Term
types of dreams
Definition
SWS dreams
REM dreams
lucid dreaming (stages 1-2,c an control what's happening, part of cognitive theory)
Term
psychoactive drugs
Definition
anything that affects your mindset, even legal things (caffeine)
physical dependence
psychological dependence
Term
3 types of psychoactive drugs
Definition
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens
Term
examples of depressants
Definition
alcohol, sedatives, and opioids/narcotics
Term
examples of stimulants
Definition
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy
Term
examples of hallucinogens
Definition
marijuana, LSD
Term
memory
Definition
ability to store and retrieve information
a conscious AND unconscious process
Term
3 main types of memory
Definition
sensory (0-2 sec.)
short-term (2-30 sec.)
long-term (30+ sec.)
all utilize different parts of the brain, ie HM got in an accident and once they removed his hippocampus he was never able to translate short--long
Term
sensory memory
Definition
original sensory form
about half a second or less
Term
2 types of sensory memory
Definition
iconic (visual stimuli)
echoic (sound)
Term
cognitive theory of dreaming
Definition
dreams are not that different from everyday thinking
Term
short-term memory
Definition
aka working memory
Process: attending, storing, rehearsing
central executive organizes incoming stimuli to 1 of 3 stores
stores send it back (rehearsal) once memory wears out after 2-3 seconds
Term
3 main storage centers for short-term memory
Definition
phonological loop (sounds)
visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual)
episodic buffer (events)
Term
short-term memory capacity
Definition
can hold 7 items in memory at a time, + or - 2
can increase with technique of chunking (phone number)
serial position effect (primary and recency)
Term
primary effect
Definition
remember the first things presented
Term
recency effect
Definition
ability to remember things most recently presented
would've been eliminated if recall after digits
Term
implicit memory
Definition
part of long-term memory
implied, we don't try to get it
associated with REM sleep
HM still had this
procedural or priming
Term
procedural
Definition
part of implicit memory
anything learned
riding a bike
Term
priming
Definition
part of implicit memory
completely subconscious
go with your instinct on test, Ozzy Smith crossword puzzle
Term
explicit memory
Definition
part of long-term memory
associated with slow wave sleep
HM lost this with removal of hippocampus
semantic or episodic
Term
semantic
Definition
part of explicit memory
facts
first president
Term
episodic
Definition
part of explicit memory
events
first day of school
Term
Stages of Long-Term Memory
Definition
Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval

mnemonic devices help
Term
Encoding
Definition
3 levels of processing info (from shallow --> deeper and low probability of recall-->high): structures, phonetics, semantics
effects even stronger with repetition
Term
Consolidation
Definition
solidifying a memory in a permanent spot in the cortex
short term memory --> long term memory
mostly happens during sleep
Term
Storage
Definition
retaining information over time
hierarchies (break down topic into smaller parts)
schemas (groups)
networks (combine hierarchies and schemas; web)
Term
Retrieval
Definition
recovery of information
bringing long term memory in the cortex to short term memory in the frontal lobe
tip of the tongue phenomenon is a retrieval problem
Term
tip of the tongue problem
Definition
know all of the associated words, just not the words
Term
pathways of short term memory in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
Definition
pre-frontal cortex helps filter important from unimportant info
sensory info then goes to hippocampus where consolidation can take hours or weeks
Term
LTM Storage in Cortex
Definition
different types of long term memory are stored in different places in the brain
damage to different area can result in various sorts of memory loss
Term
emotion and memory
Definition
emotional memories are easier to recall than facts
emotions can help encode and retrieve memories
emotion and sleep clearly effect memory
Term
flashbulb memories
Definition
where were you on 9/11
Term
interference
Definition
disruption of memory due to the presence of competing information
Term
2 types of interference
Definition
retroactive
proactive
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
disruption of memory because new experiences or info causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information
Term
proactive interference
Definition
disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information
Term
transience
Definition
the amount of info we forget over time, named the Forgetting Curve
Term
absent-mindedness
Definition
inattention to a stimulus
Term
blocking
Definition
an inability to retrieve stored information
tip of the tongue phenomenon
Term
repression
Definition
unconscious form of forgetting that keeps threatening thoughts/feelings/impulses of consciousness
Term
suggestibility
Definition
false memory
when memories are altered based on leading questions, comments, or statements from some other source
Term
amnesia
Definition
absence of memory
Term
2 types of amnesia
Definition
anterograde
retrograde
Term
anterograde
Definition
can't form new memories
Term
retrograde
Definition
can't remember things from the past
Term
how to study
Definition
go to class, pay attention
read the book before class
study deep, not shallow
form a study group
devise meaningful mnemonics
apply anything to your life
Term
learning
Definition
enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience
Term
association
Definition
one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another, which forms a connection
key to conditioning models of learning
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learner has an automatic, unlearned response
Pavlov and his dogs
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
not after every response
stronger behavioral response
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
Term
how operant conditioning works
Definition
organisms learn from the consequences of their behaviors
Term
punishment
Definition
decreases frequency of an act
Term
positive punishment
Definition
adds an unpleasant stimulus
give chores for missing curfew
Term
negative punishment
Definition
removes a desirable stimulus
take away cell phone
Term
reinforcement
Definition
increases frequency of an act
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
adds a reward
give Sally cookie when she does dishes without being told
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
removes an unpleasant stimulus
Sally doesn't have to make beds now
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior
voluntary behavior
Term
Little Albert
Definition
Watson and Rayner conditioned a baby to fear white rats by pairing it with a very frightening noise
paired emotional stimuli with white rat
generalized fear
did not undergo deconditioning
not ethical
Term
deconditioning
Definition
weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
Term
2 fundamental criteria for conditioning to occur
Definition
multiple pairings of UCS and neutral stimulus (NS)
the UCS and NS must be paired or presented very close together in time in order for an association to form
Term
forward conditioning
Definition
present stimulus and then food, usually results in stronger connection
Term
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) for Pavlov
Definition
food
Term
unconditioned response (UCR) for Pavlov
Definition
salivation
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
previously neutral input an organism learns to associate with the UCS
bell ringing with food
Term
conditioned response (CR)
Definition
behavior an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS
salivating when the bell rang
Term
depressants
Definition
slow down central nervous system activity
Term
stimulants
Definition
activate the nervous system
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
create distorted perceptions of reality
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