Term
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Definition
| What is characterized by a state of psysiological arousal, concious experience, and expressive behaviors and is also adaptive? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that emotions serve no cognitive functions? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that emotions strengthen interpersonal relations? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that facial expressions often communicate no emotion at all? |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos theory on emotion says that your emptions are softened when not expressed or when they are repressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Who believes that emotional expressions are universal and can be seen in all races? |
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Term
| First, voluntary (performed to meet a goal), then habitual (as such actions are performed repeatedly), and finally hereditary. |
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Definition
| In what order (according to darwin) do expressive actions occur in? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who would make the claim that, "The repression of outward signs of emotion results in a softening of the experienced emotion?" |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos theory on emotion says that emotional brain processes are nothing but sensory brain processes combined? |
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Term
| Perception --> Bodily Changes --> Emotion |
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Definition
| What does the model of James' theory on emotion look like? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who believes that there are specific "bodily reverberations" for unique "shades of emotion?" |
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Term
| You are sad becuase you are crying |
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Definition
| What is an example of a "bodily reverberation" for a unique "shade of emotion?" |
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Term
| Objections to James' theory on emotion |
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Definition
| Physiological response may be too slow, different emotions cause similar arousal patterns, those with spinal cord injuries still report experiencing emotions, and not necessarily good at interpreting these physiological signals; are all examples of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos theory on emotion disputed James' theory? |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos theory on emotion states that emotional expressions results from subcortical structures (specifically the thalamus)? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who believes that you need sufficient thalamic activation to experience emotion? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who provided a cognitive perspective on emotion? |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos theory on emotion says that cognitive judgments are a critical part of emotional experience? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who beleives that emotion involves the interpretation of a physiological response and the stimulus/situation? |
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Term
| Cognition as a function of emotion |
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Definition
| What does the snake example talked about in class demonstrate about how cognition and emotion interact? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that emotions are accompanied by physical "symptoms" that can be measured. |
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Term
| Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger, Happiness, Sadness |
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Definition
| What are the six basic emotions (a.k.a. Primary Emotions)? |
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Term
| Guilt, Shame, Pride, Jealousy, and Envy |
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Definition
| What are the secondary emotions? |
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Term
| It is widely recognized across cultures and is an observable facial expression. |
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Definition
| What does it mean for an emotion to be 'basic'? |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial expressions, gestures, vocal tone, and body postures are all examples of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that facial expressions are ineffective ways of communicating? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that the results of the New Guinea Studies on the universality of facial expressions states that facial expressions are generally consistent across individuals, and largely consistent across ethnic groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that emotion concepts do not vary by culture? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that expression of emotion varies by culture? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that expression of emotion varies by gender? |
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Term
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Definition
| Within which gender is anger expressed more openly? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which gender is better at expressing sadness and fear? |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants imitate certain expressions from birth, parents imitate infants' expressions, giving them meaning, and children of depressed mothers have difficulty with discerning facial expressions; are all evidence that emotions are what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial expressions emerge in a fixed developmental sequence, and facial expressions are present in congenitally blind; are all evidence that emotions are what? |
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Term
| Basic facial expressions are innate and modified through exposure. |
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Definition
| What was the conclusion of whether or not emotions are learned or innate? |
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Term
| Ekman's Facial Feedback Theory |
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Definition
| What theory states that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them? |
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Term
| Control our thoughts/feelings, control expression, and re-appraise the situation |
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Definition
| How might we control our emotions? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that people use their mood as information about their general well-being? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that people like to attribute a negative mood to another source so we can more easily change it? |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to respond more strongly to negative than to positive stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| People overestimate the magnitude and durations of predicted affect in response to eliciting events (e.g.,relationship break-ups, elections). |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that people strongly prefer to avoid gains than acquire losses? |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of sysytematic changes that occur over the lifespan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos approach to cognitive development included having children solve problems and question tham about ther reasoning behind their solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Who is famous for studying cognitive development? |
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Term
| Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
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Definition
| What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which stage of cognitive development are you in between the ages of 0-2? |
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Term
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Definition
| During which stage of cognitive development is information gained through the senses and motor actions? |
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Term
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Definition
| During which stage of cognitive development does the child perceive and manipulate but does not reason? |
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Term
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Definition
| During which stage of cognitive development do symbols become internalized through language development? |
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Term
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Definition
| During which stage of cognitive development is object permanence acquired? |
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Term
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Definition
| Until how old is there little object permanence; "out of sight out of mind?" |
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Term
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Definition
| At what age do they become "little scientist" and begin experimenting with the world, express aagency, and learn about cause and effect? |
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Term
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Definition
| At what age does symbolic representation develop? |
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Term
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Definition
| Can think about object not present, can use one object to represent another. |
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Term
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Definition
| During what age does A not B error occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is it called when you hide a toy repeatedly in the same location, then switch and hide it in a different location and the child will still look in the first location even though they have seen the toy placed in the new location? |
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Term
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Definition
| What stage of cognitive development are you in between the ages of 2-7 years? |
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Term
|
Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does then emergence of symbolic thought occur? |
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Term
| Language and pretend play |
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Definition
| Symbolic thought includes what two things? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does extremely egocentric processing occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is it called when children can only see their own point of view and cannot take another persons visual perspective (for example, young child may beieve if they have their eyes closed-you cannot see them)? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does the child engage focus on sensory information? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does the child not understand conservation of volume-still tied to visual representations? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does the Theory of Mind emerge? |
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Term
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Definition
| What stage of cognitive development is Piaget's three mountian task associated with? |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Piaget's three mountains task how old were the children that choose their own view? |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Piaget's three mountains task how old were the children that randomly choose other views? |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Piaget's three mountains task how old were the children who choose their own view? |
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Term
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Definition
| What stage of cognitive development is the conservation of volume/number experiments associated with? |
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Term
| Centration, irreversibility of thought, and a lack of motivation |
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Definition
| Why do the children fail to solve conservation problems? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Irreversibility of thought |
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Definition
| Inability to imagine reversing the physical action. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| At what age does the Theory of Mind typically develop? |
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Term
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Definition
| At what stage of cognitive development are you in at the age of 7-11 years? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development is thought logical, but only in relation to objects that are present? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does a child acquire basic arithmatic skills? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does the child understand conservation, knows that a change in sensory information is not equal to a change in substance, and is able to pass false belief tests? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development is a child able to understand transitivity? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does perspective taking occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development are children still not good at abstract or hypothetical? |
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Term
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Definition
| What stage of cognitive development is the class inclusion task associated with? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the "more flower" example demontrative of? |
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Term
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Definition
| At what stage of cognitive development are you in at the age of 11+? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development is thought logical and abstract? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development is the child able to use and understand abstract concepts, metaphors, and analogical reasoning? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development does theoretical, philosophical, and scientific reasoning become possible? |
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Term
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Definition
| During what stage of cognitive development do children begin to use systematic reasoning and logic? |
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Term
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Definition
| What stage of cognitive development signifies the end of qualitative change in cognition? |
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Term
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Definition
| Maturation of skills that enable us to get along with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| What theory about social development says that humans are altricial, meaning that they are born at relatively early stages in development and are incapable of surviving without conspecifics to care for them? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that early work in psychology assumed that young animals needed parents solely for food and protection? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who performed the monkey experiment about contact comfort? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who hypothesized that infant attachment was based on more than just food source and that infants needed contact comfort? |
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Term
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Definition
| What theory about social development says that bonds between infant and caregiver will influence the individual's interaction with others throughout the lifespan? |
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Term
| Ainsworth's strange situation test |
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Definition
| What was the experiment called involving the separation of child and caregiver and examining results? |
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Term
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Definition
| What result of Ainsworth's strange situation test would the children explore, get upset when the caregiver leaves, and can be comforted? |
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Term
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Definition
| What result of Ainsworth's strange situation test would the child ignore, not act upset (but show increased HR) when the caregiver left, and did not greet the caregiver upon return? |
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Term
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Definition
| What result of Ainsworth's strange situation test would the child cling, get upset when the aregiver left, and could not be comforted easily? |
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Term
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Definition
| What theory on personality emphasizes unconscious and dynamic processes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Who developed one of the most influential theories of personality development by observing patients he treated? |
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Term
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Definition
| Whos underlying assumption was that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Three independent, interacting, and often conflicting systems believed by Freud to be your personality? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which system of personality is present at birth and is the pleasure principle? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which syetm of personality is acquired through contact with reality and is the reality principle? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which system of personality is learned from caregivers and is the morality principle? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that we are born with a temperament (social, happy, etc.) that is said to be biologocally based and enduring? |
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Term
| Activity level, sociability, and emotionality |
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Definition
| What is temperament based on? |
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Term
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Definition
| The aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity; often used to refer to the prevailing mood or mood pattern of a person. |
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Term
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Definition
| What sort of temperament at age 3 is does a child have when they are affectively pleasant, sociablem and demonstrates age-appropriate levels of self-control, self-confidence, and task persistence? |
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Term
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Definition
| What sort of temperament at age 3 is a child when they are more socially reticent but also showed task persistence and emotional control? |
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Term
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Definition
| What sort of temperament at age 3 is a child who is zealous, friendly, and adjusted very rapidly to the unfamiliar surroundings? |
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Term
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Definition
| What sort of temperament at age 3 is a child who is impulsive, irratable, and restless? |
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Term
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Definition
| What sort of temperament at age 3 is a child who is shy, fearful, and easily upset? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What lobe is the slowest to develop? |
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Term
| Projective (unstructured) perosnality tests |
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Definition
| Type of personality test that requires interpretive answers, not objective; individual "projects" inner personality on test. |
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Term
| Projective (unstructured) personality tests |
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Definition
| What type of personality test is the Rorschach Inkblot test? |
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Term
| Projective (unstructured) personality tests |
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Definition
| What type of personality test is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test |
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Definition
What type of Projective (unstructured) personality test, consists of a series of pictures of relatively ambiguous scenes to which subjects are requested to make up stories or fantasies concerning what is, has, and is going to happen, along with a description of the thoughts and feelings of the various characters depicted.
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Term
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Definition
| What is the current method of personality assessment? |
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Term
| Structured personality tests |
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Definition
| What type of personality test assesses personality by asking specific questions requiring specific answers (e.g., "yes" or "no"); referred to as "objective tests" since scoring is not dependent on interpretation of examiner? |
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Term
| Structures personality test |
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Definition
| What type of personality test is the Minnesota Multi-phase Personality Inventory (MMPI)? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality test is the most widely used? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality test consists of 556 questions and the suject answers "yes" or "no"? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality test has the benefit of objectivity? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality test was constructed by combining quations for other tests and new questions and assessing answers from a large number or normal subjects as well as those with diagnosed psychological disorders? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality test kept questions that reliably differentiated patienst from normal subjects? |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's unique qualities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What type of personality test says that personality can be described as a number of underlying personality traits? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is it true or false that traits are assumed to be stable and predictive according to The Trait Approach? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality test is determined by factor-analysis? |
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Term
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Definition
Used to study the patterns of relationship among many dependent variables, with the goal of discovering something about the nature of the independent variables that affect them, even though those independent variables were not measured directly.
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Term
| Eysenick's Factor Analysis |
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Definition
| What type of structured personality test identified two main dimensions; introverted/extraverted and emotional/stable? |
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Term
| The Big Five Dimensions of Personality |
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Definition
| "Major" factors that seem to classigy the personalities of most people. |
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Term
| Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion |
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Definition
| What are the bif five dimensions of personality? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the big five deimensions of personality exemplifies whether a person is organized vs. disorganized, careful vs. careless, and self-disciplined vs. weak willed? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the big five dimensions of personality exemplifies whether a person is imaginative vs. down to earth, likes variety vs. likes routine, and independent vs. conforming? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the big five dimensions of personality exemplifies whether a person is worried vs. calm, insecure vs. secure, and self-pitying vs. self-satisfied? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the big five dimensions of personality exemplifies whether a person is socail vs. retiring, fun-loving vs. somber, and affectionate vs. reserved? |
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Term
| Do they produce future behavior? |
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Definition
| What is the question asked assiciated with the predictive validity of methods of personality assessment? |
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Term
| Is the score on the personality test related to others measures of personality? |
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Definition
| What is the question asked associated with the construct validity of moethods of personality assessment? |
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Term
| Yes, but predictive validity is not high |
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Definition
| Do personality assessments predict future behavior? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is the score on the personality test related to other measures of personality? |
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Term
| situations determine behavior |
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Definition
| Children's honesty depends on type of situation (sport vs. school vs. home); is an example of an argument that what? |
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Term
| situations determine behavior |
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Definition
| Consistency is an illusion; we are biasd to not or remember behavior consistent with perceived personality traits; is an example of an argument that what? |
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Term
| traits determine behavior |
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Definition
| Consistency over time; personality is fairly consistent over time (correlations between personality inventories given 12 years apart is around 0.7);is an example of an argument that what? |
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Term
| traits determine behavior |
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Definition
| Consistency across situations; although one single instance may not be indicative, if a number of assessments are used (over a week ir more), then personality appears to be consistent;is an example of an argument that what? |
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Term
| Interaction between traits and situation |
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Definition
| What is the following statement an example of; Jane may be more nervous that Joe, but Joe may be more nervous than Jane when receiving a shot? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true or false that to some degree our personality is due to our genes? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true or false that twin studies show that identical twins are more similar on personality measures than fraternal twins whether they were raised together or not? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true or false that none of the big five personality traits show genetic influence? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true or false that traits seem to have no heritability component? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true or false that we may be born with different thresholds for physiological arousal that leads to more or less extroversion/introversion? |
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Term
|
Definition
| People that seek out extreme sensations (like skydiving) may have different neurohormonal tendencies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disinhibited behavioral tendency to act rashly without planning or forethought, and is often assiciated with risky and reckless behavior. |
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Term
| Eysenck's Optimal Arousal Theory |
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Definition
| What theory examines whether or not personality is biologically determine? |
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Term
| Eysenck's Optimal Arousal Theory |
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Definition
| What theory on whether or not personality is biologically determined states that people differ in the natural level of arousal? |
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Term
| Eyseck's Optimal Arousal Theory |
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Definition
| What theory on whether or not personality is biologically determined states that moderate level of arousal iss pleasant? |
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Term
| Eysenck's Optimal Arousal Theory |
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Definition
| What theory on whether or not personality is biologically determined states that arousal is influenced by situational factors? |
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Term
| Eysenck's Optimal Arousal Theory |
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Definition
| What theory on whether or not personality is biologically determined states that people choose environments that produce optimal levels of arousal? |
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