Term
| The definition of Learning |
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Definition
| A relatively enduring change in the way an organism responds to the environment. |
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Term
| that responses are learned rather than innate, leanring is adaptive, and our experiments can uncover the laws of learning |
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Definition
| The three assumptions of learning theories are |
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Term
|
Definition
| with repeated exposure to a stimulus our response becomes weakened or habituated is the definition of what simple learning technique |
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Term
| habituation and sensitization |
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Definition
| two examples of simple learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| with repeated exposure to a stimulus our response becomes strengthened or exagerated is the definition of what simple learning technique |
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Term
| street noise outside of your dorm room |
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Definition
| an example of habituation would be |
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Term
|
Definition
| an example of sensitization would be |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who was the Law of Effect proposed by |
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Term
|
Definition
| The liklihood that a given behavior will be repeated depends on the outcome of the behavior is the definition of what |
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Term
| increase the liklihood of occurence |
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Definition
| According to Thorndike, what would a positive outcome do to a specific behavior |
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Term
| decrease the likihood of occurence |
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Definition
| According to Thorndike, what would an aversive outcome do to a specific behavior |
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Term
| his puzzle box with the cats and the Law of Effect |
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Definition
| What was Thorndike known for |
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Term
|
Definition
| What other name is Classical Conditioning known as |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who is associated with Classical Conditioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the dog example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the dog example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the dog example of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the dog example of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| suddenly showing the conditioned response after it has been extinguished |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals are biologically programmed to fear certain objects which (explains why certain objects more easily become targets of phobias) is an example of |
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Term
|
Definition
| showed that poisoned food leads to one trial learning and is often consideres "conditioned taste aversion learning" |
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Term
|
Definition
| the strongest form of learning known |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporal contiguity is not essential for this type of learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who is associated with operant conditioning |
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Term
| the "Skinner box" with the rats |
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Definition
| What is Skinner widely known for |
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Term
|
Definition
| A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likihood that it will be performed in the future |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of reinforcer is innately satisfying |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of reinforcer is conditioned, or learned |
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Term
| "clicker training" in dogs |
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Definition
| what is an example of a secondary reinforcer |
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Term
| reinforcement after a certain number of trials |
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Definition
| What is a ratio reinforcement schedule like |
|
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Term
| reinforcement is given every certain amount of trials |
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Definition
| What is a fixed ratio reainforcement schedule like |
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Term
| reinforcement is given after every random amount of trials |
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Definition
| What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule like |
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Term
| reinforcement after a given amount of time |
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Definition
| What is an interval reinforcement schedule like |
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Term
| reinforcement given after every certain amount of time |
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Definition
| What is a foxed interval reinforcement schedule like |
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Term
| reinforcement given after every random amount of time |
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Definition
| What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule like |
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Term
| a partial reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| Behavior is more likely to be produced under what type of schedule |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is a common example of the partial reinforcement extinction effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Using what type of reinforcement schedule is it easiest to learn |
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Term
|
Definition
| Using what type of feinforcement schedule is it harder to unlearn |
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Term
|
Definition
| Using what type of reinforcement schedule are resposes higher |
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Term
| a lot of behavior occuring when first put on extinction |
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Definition
| What are extinction bursts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Does intermittent reinforcement last longer than continuous |
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Term
| variable ratio and variable interval |
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Definition
| What teo types of reinforcement schedules have the slowest extintion rate |
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Term
| reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior |
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Definition
| What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| an aversive event that decreases the behavior that follows it |
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Term
| factors that make punishment effective |
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Definition
What are these three characteristics of:
immediate, consistent, and sufficiently strong |
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Term
| punished behavior is not forgotten, it's supressed (behavior returns when punichment is longer present), creates anxiety, and models aggressive behavior |
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Definition
| What are three problems with punishment |
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Term
| positive means you ADD something and negative means you TAKE something |
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Definition
| What is the difference between postive and negative reinforcement/punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcemet of successive approximations |
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Term
| to train animals to do weird stuff |
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Definition
| What is shaping usually used for |
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Term
| Shaping a cat to use the toilet |
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Definition
| Example of a practical use of operant conditioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who is associated with observational learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| What experiment is Bandura famous for |
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Term
| she wouldn't touch it either due to observational learning |
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Definition
| What did Mineka the rhesus monkey do after she saw a wild monkey get scared of the snake and why |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs without reinforcement, but is only visible with reinforcement |
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Term
| more frequent testing improves results |
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Definition
| What is the definition of test-enhanced learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abstract, generative, inherently ambiguous, arbitrary system of symbolic communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that there is no direct mapping between sound and meaning of word |
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Term
|
Definition
| deep structure of language |
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Term
|
Definition
| surface structure of language |
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Term
| We can speak of things that we never saw, have not yet occurred (and may never occur), and we can speak of things as they might be, should be, or could be |
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Definition
| What are the benefits of an abstract system of communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| able to combine elements to create new words, phrases, and sentences never before uttered |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is a key aspect of all human languages |
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Term
|
Definition
| you can never truely know if you are comprehending the exact message your interlocutor intends |
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Term
| I know a man with a dog who has fleas |
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Definition
| What is an example of an inherently ambiguous sentence |
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Term
|
Definition
| what form of communication do honey bees use |
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Term
| performed by honey bees to indicate the proximity of food |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that animals do not regularly communicate with conspecifics via vocalizations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that animals can learn to perceive language (even human speech) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that animals can not learn to produce language (in various forms) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that animals' language processing abilities are vast |
|
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Term
| many species have alarm calls to signal danger to conspecifics |
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Definition
| How do many species communicate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that there is little evidence for generetivity in vocalizations of vervet monkeys |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that avian species can learn to comprehend and even produce English speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that no avian species has the capability of answering novel questions |
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Term
|
Definition
| What animals are capable of communicating using sign language or pictorial symbol representation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that gorillas and chimpanzees can often understand human speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that gorillas and chimpanzees are not able to construct novel utterances |
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Term
| Is language necessary for thought? |
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Definition
| What is question debated that related language to thought |
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Term
| Thought is determined by language and speakers of different languages think differently |
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Definition
| What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis state |
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Term
| linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism |
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Definition
| What are the two aspects of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| different languagescan have radically different ways of cutting up the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| how we think is largely determined by the language that we speak |
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Term
| That the Inuit have a bunch of different words for snow |
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Definition
| What is Whorf's most famous example in support of his hypothesis |
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Term
| subsequent research has indicated that the Inuit have no more words for snow than other languages |
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Definition
| What has happened to Whorf's most famous example in support of his hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is some other evidence in favor of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fact that in Mandarin time is oriented in vertical direction is an example of what (earlier-up, later-down) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that the "strong" view that thought is determined by language still remains strong to this day |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that language does appear to influence some aspects of cognition |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which reinforcement schedule would result in the fastest extinction |
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|
Term
| Whether or not information is entirely propositional or like pictures |
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Definition
| What is the question associated with how information is represented in the mind |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| organize useful information about environments |
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Term
| Based on our real-life experiences |
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Definition
| How do we develop schemas |
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Term
|
Definition
| schemas that allow us to infer about the sequence of events in a given context |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that scripts and schemas can be problematic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a problematic script or schema |
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Term
| Defining Attribute model, Prototype model, and the Exemplar model |
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Definition
| What are the primary theories on how information is represented in the mind |
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Term
| the amount of time it takes you to respond about a detail of an imagined picture depends on the size of that image |
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Definition
| What were the findings of Kosslyn's size experiments |
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|
Term
| Whether or not information is represented pictorially in the mind |
|
Definition
| What were Kosslyn's size experiments investigating |
|
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Term
| you're examining a visually based representation |
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Definition
| What was the conclusion of Kosslyn's size experiment |
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Term
| Whether or not information is repersented pictorially in the mind |
|
Definition
| What was Shepard's Mental Rotation study investigating |
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Term
| A linear relationship between the angle of offset between two items and their comparison time |
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Definition
| What were the findings or Shepard's Mental Rotation |
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|
Term
| One object is "mentally rotated" until it lines up with the other |
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Definition
| What was the conclusion of Shepard's Mental Rotation |
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Term
| that it is a function of distance |
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Definition
| What did mental maps discover about scanning time |
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|
Term
| Whether or not information is represented pictirially in the mind |
|
Definition
| What did neuroimaging investigate |
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|
Term
| Whether or not information is represented pictorially in the mind |
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Definition
| What did the use of mental maps and scanning investigat |
|
|
Term
| That activity increases when walking through a neighborhood but not remembering a musical jingle or doing math |
|
Definition
| What did neuroimaging suggest about the occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| Imagining a larger image leads to larger activation in V1 |
|
Definition
| What did neuroimaging suggest about activity in V1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Creating a visual image activates the same parts of the brain as when you really see is the overall conclusion of what study done investigating whether or not information is represented pictorially in the mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of being reduced to the stereo type can lead to underperformance is an example of what |
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Term
| those highly identified with the stereotype |
|
Definition
| who is the stereotype threat most likely to affect |
|
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Term
| Whether or not making the racial stereotype of intelligience obvious makes a difference on test results |
|
Definition
| What did Steele and Aronson investigate |
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|
Term
| Whether or not making the gender stereotype of math skills obvious makes a difference in test results |
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Definition
| What did Spencer et al investigate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Model of thought for which lists features that define a category and category member ship is determines based on number of features an item has |
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Term
|
Definition
| Model of thought for which some category members are more representative of the category than others |
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Term
|
Definition
| Model of thought for which all examples of category form the concept of the category and you form a general idea of the category model through experience with category members |
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Term
|
Definition
| subjective experiences of the world and one's mind |
|
|
Term
| minimal consciousness and full consciousness |
|
Definition
| What are the levels of consciousness |
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Term
|
Definition
| what level of consciousness are in when you react to stimuli, but are not aware of mental state |
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Term
|
Definition
| what state of consciousness are you in when you exihibit awareness of mental state/mind |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that there is no limit to how many things you can be conscious of at the same time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that conscious experience is a continuous stream of thoughts that often float from one thought to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that consciousness is a unified and coherent experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| what occurs when you are presented information for extremely short periods of time (subthreshold) and the effects on behavior are measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| What type of priming occurs even when unformation is presented with awareness |
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|
Term
| The "old" stereotype with the words |
|
Definition
| What is an example of unconscious priming |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that information can affect our behavior even if we are not consciously aware of it |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who said, "Sleep and death are twin brothers." |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who believed that sleep is an imperfect fulfillment of death, nature's prophecy of the future death. Nightly we sleep, and therefore nightly we partially die |
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Term
|
Definition
| Who said, "...To die" to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end the heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to..." |
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Term
|
Definition
| What are these all characteristic of: reduced physical activity, stereotypic posture, reduces response to stimulation, reversible state, biological necessity |
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Term
|
Definition
| How long can rats normally live |
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Term
|
Definition
| How long can rats deprived of REM sleep live |
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Term
|
Definition
| How long can rats deprived of sleep in general survive |
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Term
|
Definition
| a genetically-based disease affacting only about 40 families worldwide |
|
|
Term
| within a year of diagnosis |
|
Definition
| How long to people diagnosed with FFI usually live for |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that moderate long term sleep deprivation is possible |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that more sleep than necessary is better |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Do mortality rates increase, decrease, or stay the same as the hours of sleep you get rise past what is necessary |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is a healthy amount of sleep |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that variations in amount of sleep mat reflect energy conservation or need |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that larger mammals tend to sleep more than smaller |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What animals are the exception to the variation in sleep due to size |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that variations in sleep may reflect safety and predator/prey relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that prey animals on average, sleep more than predator animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the timing of when humans and many other animals sleep referred to as |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the timing of the day that mice, rats, and bats sleep referred to as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the "stereotypic posture" for sleep in leopards |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the "stereotypic posture" for sleep in horses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the "stereotypic posture" for sleep in bats |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the "stereotypic posture" for sleep in seals/hippos |
|
|
Term
| while flying across the ocean |
|
Definition
| how do migratory birds sleep |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when you sleep with only half the brain at a time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What animals partake in unihemispheric sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| state of inactivity and metablolic depression (energy conservation) different than sleep |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that hibernating animals never awaken during the winter to sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| What do the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Visula Analog Scales for Mood and Vigor measure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What stage contains light, transitional sleep and you subjectively may feel as if you are floating or drifting |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| During what stage of sleep is the EEG activity: Theta frequency (4-7 Hz) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What stage do you ususally enter after about 10 minutes after sleep onset and you become more realxed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| During what stage of sleep is your EEG activity marked by K complexes and Sleep Spindles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sharp, high amplitude positive/negative wave in the sleep cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| high frequency bursts (11-16 Hz, typically 12-14Hz) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What stage of sleep is known as the Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| During what stage of sleep are you in deep sleep, muscles are more relaxed, your heartrate slows, respiration slows, and it is difficult to awaken sleeper |
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Term
|
Definition
| What stage is when most sleep talking occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During which stage of sleep is the EEG activity: Delta freuency (0.5-2Hz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What stage of sleep is referred to as "paradoxical sleep" |
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Term
|
Definition
| During which stage of sleep does most dreaming occur |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| During which stage of sleep is the brain highly active (EEG looks much like waking) and you are completely paralyzed |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that napping usually contains SWS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does the amount of SWS increases or decrease when naps taken later in the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that naps normally contain REM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that long naps may affect sleep hygiene on subsequent nights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During what stages of sleep do we dream |
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Term
|
Definition
| scientific study of variability in psychological traits (relatively stable aspects of thinking and behavior that can influence behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to learn, to solve problems, and to adapt to one's environment |
|
|
Term
| Is intelligence a single ability, heritable, and does intelligence matter |
|
Definition
| What are the controversies regarding the question of "What is intelligence?" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pioneer of intelligence testing who believed in heritity of intelligience in a specific area. Example: The Bachs |
|
|
Term
| Francis Galton, Alfred Binet, and Charles Spearman |
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Definition
| List three pioneers of intelligence testing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pioneer of intelligence testing who explored a child's "mental age" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pioneer of intelligence testing that examined the correlation of subjects on the Weschler intelligence scale |
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Term
|
Definition
| What pioneer of intelligence testing is associated with the IQ or Intelligence Quotient |
|
|
Term
| (mental age/chronological age) x 100 |
|
Definition
| What is the equation for finding someones IQ |
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Term
|
Definition
| What pioneer of intelligence testing is associated with the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale |
|
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Term
| games, and pictures, and questions |
|
Definition
| What does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale use to test people |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| School performance, number of years of education, later earnings, and job perfomance are all measurement properties that serve as predictors of what |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to whoch a test measures something accurately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of developing a test that has acceptable measurement properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a uniform procedure for administering a test |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What pioneer of intelligence testing is associated with the psychometric approach |
|
|
Term
| processing speed and working memory capacity |
|
Definition
| What did the information processing approach to the "G" factor study |
|
|
Term
| dropping a ruler and measuring where you catch it and determining which side of the first image shown was longer |
|
Definition
| What are two experiments constructed to measure mental speed |
|
|
Term
| yes but it's at least as much influenced by environment |
|
Definition
| Is Intelligence Heritable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that IQ scores have been rising the past 50 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it true that fraternal twins reared together have an equal correlation of IQs as identical twins reared together |
|
|
Term
| self-fulfilling prophecy on our beliefs about ourselves which influences our actions towards others which impact others beliefs about us and their actions toward us which then reinforces our beliefs about ourselves and so on |
|
Definition
| What is the Pygmalion Effect |
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|
Term
| high stereotype is correlated with low test scores in both genders |
|
Definition
| How has the stereotype threat influenced intelligence |
|
|
Term
| right on top of the bell curve |
|
Definition
| Where is a normal person on the graph of average IQs |
|
|
Term
| Einstein and Chris Langan |
|
Definition
| WHo are two examples of extrem IQs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who has a higher IQ Chris Langan or Einstein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Who has experienced more success Chris Langan or Einstein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory that states that there are many different kinds of "smart" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory that stated your intelligence level was based on practical intelligence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| based on knowledge that is procedural rather than factual; is usually learned without help of others; and is personally relevant to the learner |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what standardized tests of cognitive ability measure (e.g., reasoning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory that accounts for exceptional performance such as extremely good athletes or musicians. States that it is due to nothing but practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using what type of reinforcement schedule are responses lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using what type of reinforcement schedule is it hardest to learn |
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|
