Term
|
Definition
–
philosopher:
Encouraged others to pay attention to the mind and soul and not be governed by bodily appetites and needs
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
philosopher:
Nativism: humans are born with innate knowledge
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
philosopher:
Empiricism: humans are born as a “blank slate” and must learn all knowledge through experience
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–
philosopher:
Dualism: the mind (soul) and body are distinct, but interact
–Believed the pineal gland was the “seat of the soul”
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–
philosopher:
Phrenology: First theory of localization of function in the brain
–Neural function can be determined by feeling exterior surface of head
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
◦
Important psychologist:
First to employ method of observation to study behavior
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important psychologist:
Structuralism
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important psychologist:
ú
Student of Wundt
úFormalized theory of structuralism
úConsciousness can be broken down into component parts
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important psychologist:
Functionalism
§First American Psychologist
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important psychologist:
Psychoanalysis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important psychologist:
Gestalt psychology
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important psychologist:
Behaviorism – focus on consequences of actions
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
◦Mental processing affects behavior
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clue: Wundt
analysis of constituents of human mind
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
Method of study that involves the evaluation of human experience by individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ú
Clue: William James
Belief that psychologists should not study merely structure of consciousness, but its adaptive significance or functions
úEmphasis on purposes, goals & adaptive purpose of thought and behavior
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clue: Sigmund Freud
Technique to bring the contents of unconscious to conscious awareness
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ú
Clue: Wertheimer
Conscious experience must be considered globally
úPerception is constructed using “innate mental laws”
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
psychology should study the relationship between observable actions (behavior) and environmental conditions
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
ú
The following are evidence of what?
Observational learning
úCultural differences...
|
|
|
Term
| ...thoughts influence behavior |
|
Definition
| Central issue and idea behind the cognitive revolution... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This method of research seeks to observe and describe phenomena rather than to manipulate variables
|
|
|
Term
| ...types of descriptive research |
|
Definition
The following methods of research fall under what category?
Case study, naturalistic observation, survey research... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an in-depth study of the behavior of one person or a small group
◦Often used in clinical research or with unusual/rare populations
|
|
|
Term
| ...drawbacks of a case study |
|
Definition
What type of study are these characteristic of?
Small sample size (limit to generalizability)
Susceptibility to researcher bias
Various limits to internal validity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to the in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting
◦Study of primate behavior in the wild
may have good generalizability
|
|
|
Term
| ...drawbacks of a naturalistic observation |
|
Definition
What type of study are these characteristic of?
Observation per se can alter behavior
Observational technique cannot infer the cause(s) of behavior
Various threats to internal validity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asks questions of large numbers of persons to gain information on attitudes and behavior
◦
|
|
|
Term
| ...drawbacks of survey research |
|
Definition
What type of study are these characteristic of?
Sampling issues
People may not respond accurately
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
determine the degree to which 2 or
more variables are related
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly-controlled investigations of a variable of interest
◦Causal claims are possible
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the following issues in?
1. Experimenter Bias
2. Placebo effect
3. Rosenthal effect
4. Demand Characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
úParticipants may guess the focus of the study and act in a way to confirm or negate the hypotheses
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the following considered to be?
a. Informed Consent
b. Deception
c. Milgram's study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study where the person is asked to deliver shocks to an unseen recipiant. |
|
|
Term
| ...elements of a good theory |
|
Definition
What are the following considered?
a. Logical
b. Precise predictions
c. Falsifiable
d. Parsimonious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Belief that events are more predictable after occurrence
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People tend to prefer information that confirms their hypotheses
|
|
|
Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
The following are located where?
brain, spinal chord |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
The following are located where?
sense organs, peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The PNS is divided into what two divisions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located as a branch off of the peripheral nervous system, controld voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located as a branch off of the peripheral nervous system, controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands. Also splits into two divisions. |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| Two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located as a branch off of the Autonomic Nervous System, acts as emergency system (arousing). Displays blood pressure increases, heart rate increases, and digestion inhibited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located as a branch off of the Autonomic Nervous System, controls vegetative functions such as digestion (calming). Displays blood pressure decreases, heart rate decreases, digestion stimulated. |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receive information from other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creates transmitter molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Send information to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insulates the nerves cell, speeds up conduction of nerve messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
žnot neurons, but act as “glue” to fill spaces, form scar tissue, remove waste, supply neurons with nutrients, produce myelin sheaths that surround neurons
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of glial cell that produces myelin in the CNS/ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of glial cell that produces myelin in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a neuron at rest polarized or not? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a neuron at rest negative or positively charged? |
|
|
Term
| ...to maintain polarization of a neuron |
|
Definition
What are the following factors needed for?
Electrostatic force
Chemical diffusion
Selectively permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is a neuron at rest's resting potential? |
|
|
Term
| ...it would become hyperpolarized |
|
Definition
| What would happen if a negative charge was applied to the neuron at rest? |
|
|
Term
| ...it would become depolarized |
|
Definition
| What would happen if a positive charge was applied to the neuron at rest? |
|
|
Term
| ...action potential will occur |
|
Definition
| What will occur if the the force is sufficient to depolarize the neuron past threshold? |
|
|
Term
| ...transports 3Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ in |
|
Definition
| What does the sodium-potassium pump do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does electrostatic force do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does chemical diffusion do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control. Contributes to the regulation of attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming and memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
žMolecules synthesized and released by presynaptic neurons
žReleased with depolarization
žBind to specialized receptors on postsynaptic neurons
žCan bind to autoreceptors on presynaptic neurons
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norepinephrin, Dopamine, Serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft via transporters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft via enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
žModulate the effect of neurotransmitters
žBind to receptors on other neurons
žBroad release area
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of neuromodulator that acts like NT and may block NT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of neuromodulator that blocks NT action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest part of human brain, coordinates all higher functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lobe of the brain used for planning and executive functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lobe of the brain used for higher sensory visual motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lobe of the brain used mainly for vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lobe of the brain used for audition, olfaction, language, and memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the brain that coordinates simple movements, targets auditory and visual stimuli for further processing, helps regulate body temperature, pain perception, and sleep-wake cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the brain that regulates some important reflexes (e.g.swallowing), respiratory functions, arousal and some basic movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the hindbrain, controls heart rate and respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the hindbrain, coordinates smooth movement, balance, and posture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the hindbrain, links to cerebellum (motor controll), involved in arousal and control of REM sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the hindbrain, involved in respiration, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity, maintaining wakefulness, pain modulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the brain located above the brainstem and is surrounded by the cortex. Critical to motivation, emotion, and memory and is in the forebrain, but subcortical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All of the following structures are included in what part of the brain?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located within the limbic system, serves as the "relay station." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located within the limbic system, regulates vital functions and drives body temp., hunger, activity of ANS, hormone release via pituitary gland, and sexual functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located within the limbic system, associates stimuli with emotional responses, processes emotional information, fear, aggression, and anger. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located within the limbic system, assiciated with formation of declarative memory, spatial memories, consolidation of memories, but NOT believed to ve the permanent storage area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located more toward the front of the brain, involved in language production. Damage to this area affects ability to speak and find words but can usually understand the speech of others. Ex: "tan-tan" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located more toward the back of the brain, involved in language understanding. Patients with this area affected, will speak long sentences but often do not make any sense and have difficulty understanding other people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capture of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interpretaion of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processes based upon the sensory signals, relayed from lower (sensory) to higher (interpretative) systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processes based upon prior knowledge or expectation, or in other words, information relayed from higher systems can bias lower order systems (so we perceive in context). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When what we see and what we hear seem to coincide when in reality, they don't. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells in the retina that capture light. |
|
|
Term
| Horizontal cells and Amacrine cells |
|
Definition
| Cells in the retina that are merely used for lateral projections. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells in the retina used to transform information from photoreceptors to RGCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells in the retina used to cummunicate information to several nuclei in the thalamus (LGN) and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photoreceptor for daylight (more sensitive in bright light) color fine detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photoreceptor for evening (sensitive in dark), grayscale, gross detail, good motor perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨The area within the visual field that a neuron or a retinal cell (photoreceptor, RGN cell, etc.) “sees through”
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that respond to oriented lines, bars, and edges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that respond to oriented bars moving in a particular direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth cues that require both eyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nThe brain compares the images provided by each eye, and determines the difference between the two images.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth cues tha can be extracted from the image in either eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocular cue:
¨This is the most salient depth cue and “trumps” all others. Any item that appears to be in front of another is necessarily closer to the viewer
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocular cue:
if two objects are known to be the same (or almost the same size) and one appears much larger, that item is closer
§if an image is farther away it will naturally be smaller on your
retina
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocular cue:
¨lines that converge are moving into the distance
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocular cue:
¨any texture gradient that gets progressively smaller is getting farther away
|
|
|
Term
| Position relative to horizon |
|
Definition
Monocular cue:
¨horizon appears to be vertically higher in an image so objects closer to that point will be farther
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocular cue:
¨Objects at varying distances will appear to move at different rates relative to their position and distance
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher visual processing stream headed from Area V1 toward temporal lobe used in object identification. "What" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher visual processing stream headed from Area V1 toward Parietal lobe used in spatial location. "Where" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage of memory in which information is first encountered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¢intermediate stage of memory in which information is present, but is not being encoded or retrieved
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
¢stage of memory in which information is remembered and/or used
—Common types: recall, cued recall, recognition
—Other types: motor skill (bike riding), cognitive skill (reading, math), conditioned reaction (dog salivation to bell ringing)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way of measuring memory:
—Remembering in the absence of the item being remembered – must produce information
—Typically the most difficult test
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way of measuring memory:
—Recognizing material when it is seen
—Often, but not always, easier than recall
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way of measuring memory:
—Assessed by comparing time needed to relearn material to initial learning time
—May be most sensitive test
—
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage in the Information Processing Model of Memory where unattended information is lost |
|
|
Term
| Iconic (visual) and Echoic (hearing) |
|
Definition
| What are the two types of sensory memory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the duration for iconic memory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the duration for echoic memory? |
|
|
Term
| ...not quite known - atleast 12 items |
|
Definition
| What is the capacity for sensory memory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Step in the Information Procession Model of Memory where unrehearsed information is lost. |
|
|
Term
| ...fades after 15-30 seconds if not rehearsed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of information due to time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of information due to other information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of interference:
◦old information interferes with retrieval of new information
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of interference:
◦newly stored information interferes with retrieval of old information
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¢More recent version of STM
—Emphasizes active nature of STM processing
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The following are components of what?
central executive
phonological loop
visualspacial sketchpad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Step in the Information Processing Model of Memory where some information may be lost over time. |
|
|
