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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| Occurs when the resuls of an experiment are caused by a participant's expectations about what is really going on |
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| is a research method in which a researcher manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) in rder to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). |
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| is an observation technique in which one person is studied in great depth, often with the intention of revealing universal principles. |
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| consists of all the mebers of a group being studied. |
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| is the view that psychology shold focus only on the scientific study of observable behaviors without reference to mental phenomena. |
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| of an experiment in which the treatment of interest, or independent variable, is withheld so that comparison to the experimental condition can be made. |
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| is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factors predicts the other. |
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| is the enduring behaviors, ideas, and attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| is the controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
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| is the branch of psychology that helps people cope with challenges in their daily lives. |
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| is pure science that aims to solve practical problems. |
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| is a technique for ascertaining the self-report attiudes or behaviors of a representative, random sample of people. |
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| is the branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders. |
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| is the branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders. |
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| is the testable prediction, often implied by a theory. It helps scientists to test the theory. |
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| is one that is representative because every member of the population has an equal chance of being included. |
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| is the branch of medicine concerned with the physical diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. |
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| is the procedure of assigning participants to the experimental and control conditions by chance to minimize preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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test 1
a double-blind procedure |
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| is an esperimental procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the research participants are aware of which condition is in effect. |
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| of a neuron is the extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles or glands. |
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| are natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure. |
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| is a simple, auromatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus; it is governed by a very simple neural pathway. |
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| are chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue nd circulate through the bloodstream to their target tissues, on which they have specific effects. |
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| is the speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous system. |
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| are bundles of neural axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, that connects the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. |
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test 2
an electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| an amplified recording of the wave of electrical activity of the brain. |
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test 2
the PET (positron emission tomography) scan |
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| measures the levels of activity of different areas of the brain by tracing their consumption of a radioactive form of glucose, the brain's fuel. |
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test 2
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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| uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that show brain sturctures more clearly. |
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| are invovled in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. |
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| of a neuron are the bushy, branching extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
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test 2
the endocrine system |
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| the body's slower chemical communication system, consists of glands that secrete hormones into the blood-stream. |
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| is the brain's capacity for modification, as evidenced by brain reorganization following damage. |
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| prossesses sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance. |
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| the oldest and innermost region of the rain, is an extension of the spinal cord and is the cenral core of the brain; its structures direct automatic survival functions. |
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| also part of the limbic system. Regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sex. |
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| or nerve cell is the basic building block of the nervous system. |
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test 2
biological psychology |
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| is the study of the links between biology and behavior |
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| is the junction between the axon tip of the sending euron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. |
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| are chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and so transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron. |
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| occurs when the effects of one factor (such as environment) depend on another factor (such as heredity). |
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| develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two and therefore are genetically identical. |
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| is the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental infuences on behavior. |
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| is the principal male sex hormone. During renatal development, testosterone stimulates the development of the external male sex organs. |
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test 3
social learning theory |
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| people learn social behavior (such as gender roles) by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |
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| refers to the buffer zone that people like to maintain around their bodies. |
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| refers to the biological and social characteristics by which people define male and female. |
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| is the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| are threadlike sturctures made of DNA molecules, which contain the genes. |
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| are random errors in gene replication that are the source of genetic diversity within a species. |
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| is a set of expected ehaviors for males and females. |
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| refers to a person'scharacteristics emotional reactivity and intensity. |
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| are the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein. |
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| are the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein. |
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| are the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein. |
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test 3
DNA (deoxyribounucleic acid) |
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| is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
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| is one's sense of being male or female. |
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| in behavior genetics this refers to evey nongenetic, or external, influence on our traits and behaviors. |
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| develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm and therefore are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings. |
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| is physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. |
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| is giving priority to personal goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification. |
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| The ability to establish close, loving relationships, is the primary task of late adolescence and early adulthood, according to Erikson's theory |
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| Refers to all the mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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| Refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated, according to Piaget's theory |
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| the developing prenatal human from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
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| Greek for "joint", the fertilized egg, that is, the cluster of cells formed during conception by the union of sperm and egg |
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| the principle that properties such as numbers, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes in the form of objects; it is acquired during the concrete operational stage |
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| According to Erickson, is a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy-a concept that infants form if their needs are met by responsive caregiving |
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| the cessation of menstruation and typically occurs in the early fifties |
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| Refers to the difficulty that preoperational children have in considering another's viewpoint, according to Piaget |
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Test 4
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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| Refers to the physical and cognitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause in the developing child |
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| Mental concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
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| develops during the sensorimotor stage and is the awareness that things do not cease to exist when not perceived |
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| Refers to interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema, according to Piaget |
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Test 4
Developmental Psychology |
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| the branch of psychology concerned with physical, cognitive, and social change through the life span |
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| the developing prenatal organism for about 2 weeks through 2 months after conception |
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| the developing prenatal organism for about 2 weeks through 2 months after conception |
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| A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' state of mind |
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| limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain stimuli or experiences if it is to be developed properly |
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| establishing one's self, the primary task of adolescence, according to Erickson |
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| the early adolescent period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproduction |
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| refers to the life stage from puberty to independent adulthood, denoted physically by a growth spurt and maturation or primary and secondary sex characteristics, cognitively by the onset of formal operational thought, and socially by the formation of identity |
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| is the study of ESP, pyschokinesis, and other paranormal forms of interaction between the individual and the environment. |
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| is the ability to see objects in three-dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; it allows us to judge distance. |
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| refers to the sense of hearing. |
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| is directly related to wavelength: longer waves produce lower pitch; shorter waves produce higher pitch. |
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Test 5
Gate-control theory |
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| Melzack and Wall's gate-control theory maintains that a "gate" in the spinal cord determines whether pain signals are permitted to reach the brain. |
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| Comprised of the axons of terinal ganglion cells, this nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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| Of light and sound is determined by the amplitude of the waves and is experienced as brightness and loudness, respectively. |
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| is the process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. |
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| is the process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information. |
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| is the light-sensitive, multilayered inner suface of the eye that contains the rods and cones as well as neurons that form the beginning of the optic nerve. |
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| is the sense of the position and movemnet of the parts of the body. |
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Test 5
the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory |
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| maintains that the retina contains red, green, and blue-sensory receptors that in combination can produce the perception of any color. |
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| contains the semicircular canals and the cochlea, which includes the receptors that sound energy into neural impulses. |
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| the coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube of the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses. |
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| is the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing the three bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrates the eardrum's virbrations on the cochlea's oval window. |
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| Which refers to the distance from the peak of one light (or sound) wave to the next. |
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| states that the just noticeable difference two stimuli is a constant minimum proportion of the stimulus. |
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| are visual receptors that convert light energy into nerual impulses. |
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Test 5
Estrasensory Perception (ESP) |
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| refers to the controversial claim that perception can occur without sensory input. |
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