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PSY 100 - Test 4
Personlity, psychological disorders, and social psychology
100
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2013

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Term
personality
Definition
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
free association
Definition
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says everything that comes to their mind
Term
unconscious
Definition
according to Freud, a reservour of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techninques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Term
id
Definition
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Term
ego
Definition
largely unconscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Term
superego
Definition
part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment, the conscience, and for future aspirations
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Term
fixation
Definition
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term
repression
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
Carl's Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservour of memory traces from our species' history
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Term
self-actualization
Definition
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation is to fulfill one's potential
Term
unconditioned positive regard
Definition
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Term
personality inventory
Definition
a questionaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to asses selected personality traits
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders
Term
Big Five personality test
Definition
test that examies five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Term
social-cognitive perspective
Definition
views behavior as influenced by interation between people's traits/thoughts and their social context
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
Term
mood disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two ore more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Term
mania
Definition
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Term
psychotic disorder
Definition
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Term
delusions
Definition
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Term
paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
preoccuptaion with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
Term
disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
Term
catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
immobility (or excessive purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements
Term
undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
many and varied symptoms
Term
residual schizophrenia
Definition
withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
Term
anxiety disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anixety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Term
panic disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other fightening sensations
Term
phobia
Definition
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Term
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Term
post-traumatic growth
Definition
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Term
somatoform disorder
Definition
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
Term
conversion disorder
Definition
a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
Term
hypochondriasis
Definition
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptom of disease
Term
dissociative disorders
Definition
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separate from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Term
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Definition
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Term
insight therapies
Definition
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological function by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Term
cleint-centered therapy
Definition
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
Term
active listening
Definition
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Term
counterconditioning
Definition
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classifcal conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and averise conditioning
Term
exposure therapies
Definition
behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Term
token economy
Definition
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Term
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Definition
a popular intergrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Term
family therapy
Definition
therapy that treats the family as a system and views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Term
social psychology
Definition
the scientific study of how we think about, influenced, and relate to one another
Term
attribution therapy
Definition
the theroy that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency for obervers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Term
attitude
Definition
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Term
central route persuasion
Definition
attitude-change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Term
peripheral route persuasion
Definition
attitude-change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Term
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Term
role
Definition
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Term
conformity
Definition
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
normative social influence
Definition
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Term
informational social influence
Definition
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Term
social facilitaion
Definition
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Term
social loafing
Definition
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Term
deindividuation
Definition
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurruing in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Term
group polarization
Definition
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group
Term
groupthink
Definition
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Term
prejudice
Definition
an unjustifiable, and usually negative, attitude toward a group and its member
Term
stereotype
Definition
a generalized belief about a group of people
Term
discriminaton
Definition
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Term
just-world phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Term
ingroup
Definition
"us" - people with whom we share a common identity
Term
outgroup
Definition
"them" - [ those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Term
ingroup bias
Definition
the tendency to favor our own group
Term
scapegoat theory
Definition
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Term
other-race effect
Definition
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of other races
Term
frustration-aggression principle
Definition
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Term
passionate love
Definition
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
Term
companionate love
Definition
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Term
equity
Definition
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion what they give to it
Term
self-disclosure
Definition
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Term
altruism
Definition
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Term
bystander effect
Definition
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Term
social exchange theory
Definition
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Term
reciprocity norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Term
social responsibility norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Term
conflict
Definition
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Term
social trap
Definition
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Term
mirror image perceptions
Definition
mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Term
superordinate goals
Definition
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Term
GRIT
Definition
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strateg designed to decrease international tensions
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