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PSY 1000 Unit 2
N/A
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/04/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Evolution
Definition
a change in a species after many generations
Term
Genes
Definition
units of heredity. Your DNA and how traits are passed along.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Favorable species survive and reproduce, passing on good genes. Bad genes die off.
Term
3 components involved in evolution through natural selection
Definition
Variation – everything is slightly different, even in same species

Selection – the environment favors certain variants over others

Retention – genes/heredity allow traits to endure
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
The study of behavior and the mind using the principles of evolutionary theory.
Term
Why is the evolution of psychological traits more controversial than biological traits
Definition
It is difficult to know whether a psychological trait is a direct product of natural selection; need to make guesses about traits’ past adaptive functions because there is a lack of physical records
Term
fittest vs. best
Definition
fittest is most appropriate for the environment and should thrive

best is strongest, fastest, ect.
Term
Neuron
Definition
the basic building blocks of the nervous system that are specialized for communication.
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
a chemical messenger that sends signals between neurons; alters the activity of the receiving neuron
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receives incoming signals from other neurons
Term
Cell body or Soma
Definition
contains the nucleus and cytoplasm that sustains life
Term
Axons
Definition
nerve impulses travel from the soma to the axon terminal buttons, send information to the axon terminal buttons
Term
Axon terminal buttons
Definition
transmit signals to other cells by releasing neurotransmitters
Term
Synaptic cleft
Definition
small space between the axon terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
Term
thinking Neurotransmitters levels cause abnormal behavior and disorders
Definition
7. This is simplistic and possible incorrect because correlation does not imply causation. Just because they both trend together does not mean we know for sure what’s happening. Are neurotransmitters levels causing disorders, or disorders causing varied levels of neurotransmitters?
Term
Mirror Neuron
Definition
a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another
Term
Mirror Neurons helping by imitation.
Definition
Mirror neuron systems might help us better understand the intentions of other people, which can both help us predict the actions of others, and may be crucial to empathizing with others' emotions.
Monkey see, monkey do = learning by imitation.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Involved in emotional control

Involved in fearful and angry reactions

Involved in the formation of emotional memory.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual arousal

Maintains body’s homeostasis – equilibrium of the internal conditions of your body
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
involved in the acquisition of memories
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
regulates higher cognitive and emotional functions

Used for conscious thought, planning, and recognition, judgment

Last to mature

Made up of two hemispheres
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
Large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Allows signals to be sent between the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Phineus Gage
Definition
Damaged prefrontal cortex. messed with his behavior.
Term
EEG
Definition
a recording of the electrical activity in the brain, used to study the relationship between psychological activities and brain response.
Term
fMRI
Definition
a technique of brain imaging that scans the brain using magnetic fields and radio waves by detecting magnetic changes in the flow of blood to the cells in the brain. Allows for more precise claims about brain structure and development.
Term
how much of our brain do we use/what parts?
Definition
We use all of it and all parts serve a function. they might not be working at the same time, but they all have a purpose.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
the consistency or equilibrium of internal conditions of the body. The hypothalamus is responsible in maintaining it.
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres
Definition
the two halves of the cerebrum. They are connected by the corpus callosum.
Term
Lateralization
Definition
there are certain mental processes that are mainly specialized to one side of the brain or the other.
Term
Severed Corpus Callosum
Definition
the brain acts as two separate brains. Something viewed in the left eye is only processed by the left hemisphere and vice versa. People can continue to function after a severed corpus callosum.
Term
Split brain patient
Definition
If split-brain person uses left hand to find a match to an object presented to the left visual field (registered in right hemisphere), he can do this because both vision and touch are registered in right hemisphere. However, that person could not name that object because speech is mainly a left hemisphere function.

Same task with right hand (right visual field, registered in left hemisphere). Unsuccessful at picking out the object by touch because vision and touch is processed in in the right hemisphere. He can name the object because language is processed in the left hemisphere.
Term
Rats environment example results
Definition
Complex environment rats had 21% more synapses for each neuron than the social rats.

Social rats had 27% more than the isolated rats.
Term
Neurogenesis
Definition
the creation of new neurons

Used to replace damaged tissue to help people recover from stroke or paralysis.
Term
Biological rhythms
Definition
regular functions in a biological system

Typically in tune with external time cues such as clock time, temperature, and daylight.
May or may not have psychological implications
Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours

Controlled by a biological clock or overall coordinator located in the hypothalamus in an area called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Examples – the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hormones
Term
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

treatment
Definition
when a person experiences depression in the winter and an improvement of mood in the summer. One of the most effective treatments for SAD is to sit patients down in front of florescent lights during certain times of day during the winter.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
(rapid eye movement) alternates with periods of fewer eye movements or non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs every 90 minutes or so. Active brain, inactive body. increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone, dreaming, Heart rate increases, blood pressure rises
Term
Non REM sleep
Definition
Beta Waves – alertness
Alpha Waves –drowsiness
Theta Waves –light sleep
Delta Waves –very deep sleep (slow wave sleep)
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
a disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep (REM sleep)
Term
Somnambulism
Definition
(sleep walking) a disorder in which motor acts are performed (non-REM sleep)
Term
REM Behavior Disorder
Definition
muscle paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is absent or incomplete and the sleeper is able to act out his or her dreams (REM sleep)
Term
Lucid Dreams
Definition
when the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming. Some might even be able to control their actions while inside the dream.
Term
Psychoanalytic approach
Definition
the symbols and metaphors in a dream convey the meaning of the dream
Term
Cognitive approach
Definition
dreaming is simply a modification of the cognitive activity that goes on when we are awake, may or may not be related to daily problems
Term
Activation-synthesis theory
Definition
dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.
Term
Hypnosis (6 points)
Definition
1. Responsiveness depends more on efforts/qualities of person being hypnotized than the skill of the hypnotist
2. Cannot be forced to do things against their will
3. Feats performed can be done by motivated people without hypnosis
4. Does not increase accuracy of memory
5. Does not produce a literal re-experiencing of long-ago events
6. Suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes
Term
Tolerance
Definition
increased amounts of the drug are needed to obtain desired effect.
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
negative physiological reactions when the drug use is discontinued like Headaches, trembling, chills, cravings, anxiety, ect.
Term
Compensatory response
Definition
the brain’s attempt to adjust for bodily changes (e.g., from drugs) and maintain the body’s homeostasis
Term
Mental sets
Definition
Beliefs and expectancies about the effects of drugs and settings in which they are taken that can also account for people’s responses to them
Term
Think-drink effect
Definition
expectations of substance intake can affect people’s behavior
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