Term
| What movie clip example did we see in class to demonstrate how the body and mind mature at different rates? |
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Definition
| Tom Hanks in "Big"- his body was an adult's while his mind was a child's |
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Term
| What are cross-sectional studies? |
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Definition
| A method of studying development that looks at people of different ages. |
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Term
| What are longitudinal studies? |
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Definition
| A method of studying development while observing the same person across a time span. |
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Term
| What are biographical studies? |
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Definition
| A method of studying development that reconstructs the past through interviews and investigates the effects of past events on a person's behavior. |
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Term
| What are the three types of studies in the descriptive method? |
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Definition
| Naturalistic studies, Surveys, and Case Studies |
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Term
| What is a naturalistic study? |
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Definition
| Observing someone without any interference of the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A questionnaire or interview administered to a select group of people. One can obtain descriptions of behavior from more people than direct observation allows. The test sample should represent the group well. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intensive description and analysis of a single individual, very rare. |
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Term
| What is the correlational method? |
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Definition
| Investigating the relationship between two variables to determine whether they occur together or not (values between -1 and 1). Correlation does not imply causality. |
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Term
| What is the experimental method? |
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Definition
| Manipulating independent variables to see the effect on the dependent variable. Allows one to establish cause and effect. There are no statements of certainty. Best to have error < 0.05. |
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Term
| What is prenatal development and what occurs at this stage? |
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Definition
| Development from a fertilized egg to a fetus. Most important is the growth of neural connections. |
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Term
| What are the genetic influences on behavior? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Double strands of DNA in nuclues of cells that contain genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Segments along chromosome strands that contain the "blueprint" and "timetable" for our development. |
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Term
| What characteristics do genetics affect? |
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Definition
| Physical AND psychological characteristics. |
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Term
| What do many people argue about limits in terms of development? |
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Definition
| That genetics sets an upper limit for our development, and how close we come to that limit is dependent on our learning and environment. (e.g. height sets limit, eating influences growth. low IQ, raised through learning. |
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Term
| What are some common behaviors of newborns apart from eating, sleeping, etc.? |
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Definition
| Imitating adults, Reflexes |
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Term
| What are some of the useful reflexes seen in a newborn? |
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Definition
| "Rooting"- finger touches cheek, baby turns head in anticipation of nipple. "Grasping" objects with hands. "Stepping" reflex when held in air. "Sucking" reflex for eating. |
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Term
| Describe vision development in an infant. |
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Definition
| Fuzzy at first, but develops rapidly. Mature vision within 6-8 months. Can see some colors even in first week of life, but more interested in contrasts (black and white) at first. |
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Term
| How much will a child grow in the first year of life? At what rate does it continue? |
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Definition
| 10 inches and 15 pounds. Development slows down until adolescence. |
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Term
| Does every part of the body grow at the same rate? |
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Definition
| No, the body grows differentially (head most quickly, and neurons very quickly). |
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Term
| What is the regular course of development that a child follows called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the maturation progression in the first years of a baby's life? |
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Definition
| 3 months (reaching and missing), 6 months (grasping and getting), 10 months (crawling), 12 months (standing), 15 months (walking). |
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Term
| What is cognitive development? |
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Definition
| Intellectual growth of perceiving, reasoning, imagining, problem solving, and remembering. |
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Term
| Who used the "stages" approach to cognitive development? What was this approach? |
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Definition
| Jean Piaget- said that there are qualitative differences at each stage, not just quantitative (amount of intelligence). |
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Term
| What is true about each stage in cognitive development? |
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Definition
| Each stage is consistent and different from the others, and each new stage involves new schemes (basic units of knowledge). |
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Term
| What are the four stages of cognitive development? |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor (birth to 2), Preoperational (2 to 7), Concrete Operation (7 to 11), Formal Operation (11 and up) |
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Term
| Describe the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. |
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Definition
| Stage where motor reactions and sensory impressions develop. No past or planning for the future. No distinction between stable objects and fleeting objects. Starting to develop object permanence (images representation in head). |
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Term
| Describe the Preoperational stage and centrism. |
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Definition
| Centrism means that the child has trouble understanding what someone else is seeing. They have not yet developed conservation (can't take into account more than one perceptual factor at a time, tall cup vs. stout cup). |
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Term
| Describe the Concrete operation stage. |
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Definition
| Achieve conservation- able to mentally transform and mentally reverse sequences. Can take into account multiple perceptual factors. |
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Term
| Describe the Formal operation stage. |
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Definition
| Capable of abstract reasoning. Reality seen as one aspect of what might be. |
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Term
| With whom does social development begin? |
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Definition
| The infant's first human bond with its caretaker. Distress may develop without this relationship. |
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Term
| What did Harry Harlow research? |
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Definition
| Separation. Baby monkeys separated from their moms huddled in corner, bit themselves, didn't interact, and had trouble with sex and parenting issues. |
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Term
| What did Harlow discover about the origins of attachment? |
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Definition
| Although people originally believed that attachment to parents was because they fulfilled child's physical needs, he found that the love for the mother goes beyond bodily needs. Monkeys preferred "comfort contact". |
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Term
| What are some psychological changes that occur during adolescence? |
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Definition
| Stress, Identity Crisis, thought is no longer dependent on direct experience, committing to basic beliefs, and deciding on a preferred social role. |
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Term
| Describe Erikson's view of social development called "Psychosocial Development". |
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Definition
| All humans pass through crises between the self and society's demands, and each conflict must be resolved before moving onto the next stage. These crises come to define who you are. |
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Term
| What is another term for motivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Instincts As Motivators theory say about motivation? What are some criticisms of this theory? |
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Definition
| We have certain instincts that govern our behavior and that are common to all humans. Cons include that the theory fails to explain behavior and just names it. Also, it focuses too much on innateness. |
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Term
| Explain the Drive-Reduction theory. What are some problems with it? |
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Definition
| We are driven to reduce our needs in order to maintain homeostasis. Criticisms are that human behavior isn't always motivated by physiological drives (e.g. roller coasters don't reduce our tension). |
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Term
| Explain the Humanistic theory. |
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Definition
| We do things according to the Pyramid of Human Needs. (physiological needs, safety needs, psychological needs, self-actualization) |
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Term
| Explain the Arousal theory. |
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Definition
| People are motivated to behave in ways that maintain a level of arousal optimal for their functioning. (e.g. riding roller coasters.) |
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Term
| Explain the Incentive theory. |
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Definition
| People are motivated to attain desirable stimuli and avoid unwanted stimuli. |
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Term
| What are some internal signals of hunger? |
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Definition
| Glucose gets low hypothalamus activates to stimulate hunger. (lateral hypothalamus = start eating, ventromedial hypothalamus = stop eating.) Also, the liver keeps track of our metabolic rate. |
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Term
| What are some external signals that trigger hunger? |
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Definition
| Expected mealtimes, sight or smell of food, stress, and boredom. |
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Term
| What percent body fat classifies men and women respectively as obese? |
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Definition
| Men- over 25% body fat. Women- over 30% body fat. |
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Term
| What happens to fat cells when you diet as an adult? |
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Definition
| They shrink but don't disappear (they don't change numbers after puberty, just change in size). |
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Term
| What are the major causes of weight gain? |
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Definition
| Calorie intake, expending too few calories (low BMR, low exercise), self-perpetuation of weight gain (body keeps weight at "set point"), genetics, modeling parents' eating habits. |
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Term
| What is different about human sexual response when compared with that of animals? |
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Definition
| Human sexual response depends more on psychological factors, while animals are more physical factors (being in heat). |
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Term
| What is a problem with surveys about sex that may skew the results? |
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Definition
| Men tend to say they have more sex while women tend to say they have less sex. |
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Term
| What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle? |
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Definition
| Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (body returns to normal state, longer refractory period in men). |
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Term
| Why should we study sexual behavior? How do we study it? |
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Definition
| To better understand it so that we can help those with sexual disorders. We study it through observation and surveys. |
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Term
| Why do people partake in premarital sex? |
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Definition
| Judge that something is missing (sex), but it's not wrong enough to ask for a divorce. |
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Term
| How many men and women respectively have had sex outside of marriage? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behavior and ways of thinking that determine a person's adjustment to the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Says that people have distinct patterns of personality with no overlap. |
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Term
| What are the Sheldon somatotypes? |
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Definition
| An example of the Type theory where people's personalities are determined by their body types. |
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Term
| What are the three somatotypes and their corresponding traits? |
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Definition
| Endomorph (short, plump)- sociable, relaxed, even-tempered. Ectomorph (tall, thin)- restrained self-conscious, fond of solitude. Mesomorph (heavy-set, muscular)- noisy, callous, fond of physical activity. |
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Term
| What was Esynck's contribution to the Type theory? |
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Definition
| Introverts vs. extroverts. |
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Term
| What is Type A an example of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the trait theory? |
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Definition
| Certain traits exist in all people to a certain degree. They tend to cluster together in the 5-Factor model of personality. |
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Term
| What are the factors in the 5-factor model of personality? |
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Definition
| Neuroticism (tendency to experience negative affect), Extroversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness. |
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Term
| What are some criticisms of the Type and Trait theories? |
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Definition
| Identifies behavior but doesn't explain it. People lack consistency in different situations. Traits may emerge in more comfortable situations. No conception of development. |
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Term
| Despite its shortcomings, what is a benefit of the Types and Traits theories? |
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Definition
| They help us describe individual differences in behavior. Also, types and traits can be regarded to as predispositions in familiar situations. |
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Term
| How did Freud come to developing the Psychodynamic theory? |
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Definition
| He was interested in the treatment of nervous disorders, such as hysterical blindness. |
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Term
| What are the three basic concepts of the Psychodynamic theory? |
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Definition
| The Id, Ego, and Superego. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unconscious portion of personality where life instincts (eros) and energy (libido) reside. Operates on the "pleasure principle". |
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Term
| What does Freud believe death instincts are responsible for? |
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Definition
| Aggression and destruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "self", which operates on the "reality principle" by mediating impulsive demands of the Id and the restraining demands of the Superego. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of personality dealing with values and morals. |
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Term
| What is the Iceberg Model? |
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Definition
| A portion of the ego and superego are conscious, but the rest of them as well as the id are below consciousness. |
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Term
| Give an example of the three parts of Freud's personality model working together. |
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Definition
| Mr. X is attracted to Ms. Y (Id). Mr. x does not feel he should have sex (Superego). Mr. X joins a club with Ms. Y so that he can be close to her (Ego). |
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Term
| What is important when trying to prevent anxiety? |
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Definition
| It is important to prevent unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego from becoming conscious. |
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Term
| How do we naturally prevent conflicts in our mind from leading to anxiety? |
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Definition
| Through defense mechanisms such as Denial, Regression, and Rationalization (e.g. Jeff Goldblum in The Big Chill). |
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Term
| What were Freud's views on personality development? |
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Definition
| He believed that personality is affected by how a child deals with changes in the focus of the id on different parts of the body as a child gets older. (Psychosexual Development Stages) |
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Term
| What are the five stages of psychosexual development? |
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Definition
| Oral (0-18 months), Anal (18 months - 3 years), Phallic (3-6 years), Latency (6 years - puberty), Genital (puberty) |
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Term
| Explain the Phallic stage. |
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Definition
| Males have a sexual love towards their mother, fear their dad castrating them, and learn to identify with dad. |
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Term
| What is the Latency stage? |
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Definition
| Child is exploring the environment and developing skills, not interested in the opposite sex. |
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Term
| What did Freud believe might affect someone's personality later in life? |
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Definition
| Fixation on a certain stage (e.g. Anal Fixation, problems during potty training lead to a stubborn, stingy person). |
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Term
| What are some criticisms of the Psychodynamic theory? |
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Definition
| Freud only studied emotionally disturbed adults but no children (even though he was concerned with development). Theory has abstract concepts that are difficult to test (id, ego, etc.). Offers an after-the-fact explanation for behavior, can't predict behavior. Sexual conflicts from childhood are not the only cause of personality. |
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Term
| Despite the negative aspects of the psychodynamic theory, what are some of Freud's contribution from this theory? |
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Definition
| Emphasis on internal conflict. Introducing more research on sexuality. Had a wide range of contributions (language, personality, disorders, development, memory, dreams, etc.). |
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Term
| What is the Humanistic theory? |
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Definition
| Emphasizes people's innate goodness and their motivation to reach fulfillment. Concerned with the person's current concept of self (no emphasis on childhood). Do not like the idea of personality being controlled by internal instincts. |
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Term
| What is self-actualization in the Humanistic theory? |
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Definition
| One's innate push towards growth with all parts of personality working together in harmony. |
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Term
| What are the criticisms of the Humanistic theory? |
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Definition
| Unclear concepts, neglect of environmental variables, neglect of a person's past, and the inability to predict behavior. |
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Term
| What are four types of personality assessment? |
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Definition
| Objective personality tests, behavior observation, interviews, and projective (unstructured) measures. |
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Term
| What is a very common personality test? |
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Definition
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) looks for numerous psychiatric patterns at once. Compares answers to norms to detect patterns for different types of mental disorders. |
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Term
| What are some problems with personality tests? How is this accounted for? |
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Definition
| People feel like they're on trial, so they may intentionally lie. This is accounted for by inserting certain questions that will catch someone trying to lie on their answers. |
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Term
| What is a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? |
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Definition
| Shows a picture and asks the person to tell what is going on. Looks for certain themes to detect problems (failure, etc.). |
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Term
| What is the Rorschach test? |
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Definition
| The ink blot test. Using the whole inkblot indicates integrative thinking. Using color indicates emotionality and impulsiveness. Describing motion indicates imagination and a rich inner life. |
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Term
| What is a criticism of Personality Assessments? |
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Definition
| They are very poor at predicting values. |
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