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| process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment |
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| brains process of organizing and interpreting sensory info to give it meaning |
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| process of transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy |
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| processing that begins with sensory receptors registering environmental info and sending it to the brain for analysis and interpretation |
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| processing of perceptual info that starts out with cognitive processing at higher levels of brain |
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specialized cells that detect stimulus info and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and brain
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| detection of light, perceived as sight |
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| detection of light, perceived as sight |
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| detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and equilibrium |
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| detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste |
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| field that studies links between the physical properties of stimuli and a person's experience of them |
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| minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect |
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| irrlevant and competing stimuli |
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| detection of info below the level of conscious awareness |
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| smallest difference in stimulation required to discriminate one stimulus from another 50% of the time; also called just noticeable difference |
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| principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different |
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| theory about perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty; detection depends on a variety of factors besides the physical intensity of the stimulus and the sensory abilities of the observer |
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| focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others |
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| predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way |
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| change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation. |
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signal present- Hit(correct) Miss(mistake)
signal absent- False alarm(mistake) Correct rejection(correct) |
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| form of electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelengths |
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| light is the distance from peak of one wave to peak of next |
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| height of wave, linked with brightness of visual stimulus |
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| mixture of wavelengths in light, related to the peceived saturation, or richness of visual stimulus |
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| light sensitive surface in back of the eye that records what we see and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain |
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| receptors in retina that are light sensitive but not useful for color vision |
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| receptors in retina that process info about color |
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| area where in retina that contains no rods or cones |
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| axons of ganglion cells make up _________ |
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| carries the visual info to the brain for further processing |
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| located in occipital lobe of the brain, part of cerebral cortex that functions in vison |
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| neuron in brains visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus |
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| simultaneous distribution of info across different neural pathways |
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| bringing together and integration of what is processed through diff pathways or cells |
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| focuses image onto retina |
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| opening in the center of the iris |
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| clear membrane in front of eye |
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| colored portion, pupillary constriction and dilation |
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| central projection, highest concentration of cones, visual activty |
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| white outer part of eye, protects from injury |
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| layer contains rods and cones |
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| point at which optic nerve fibers divide |
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| visible portion of the ear and the auditory canal that funnels sound waves to eardrum |
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| transmits eardrums vibrations to a membrane on the cochlea called the oval window |
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| three bones in middle ear |
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| located in inner ear which translates sound waves into fluid waves, and the semicircular canals, which sense equilibrium |
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| contains cochlea which translates sound waves into fluid waves |
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| theory stating that color perception is produced by 3 types of receptors (cone cells in the retina) that are particulary sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths |
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| people with only two kinds of cones |
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| 3 kinds of cone receptors and normal vision |
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| sensations that remain after stimulus is removed |
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| theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to red-green and blue-yellow colors; given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green; whereas another might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue |
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| german physiologist who observed that some colors cant exist together whereas some can |
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| principle by which individuals organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left out |
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| school of psychology emphasizing that people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns |
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| principle that states when a person sees objects close to each other, they tend to group them together |
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| principle that states when objects are similar, individuals tend to group them together |
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| principle that states when individuals see a disconnected or incomplete figure, they fill in spaces and see it as a complete figure |
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| ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally |
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| depth cues that are based on the combo of images on the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together |
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| depth cues that are available from the image in either eye |
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familiar size
height in the field of view
linear perspective
overlap
shading
texture gradient |
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| perception that a stationary object is moving |
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| recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing |
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| illusion of movement created when a rapid stimulatin of different parts of retina occurs. kind of apparent movement |
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| happens when we watch continuous movement and then look at another surface. kind of apparent movement |
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| discrepancy between reality and the perceptual representation of it |
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| very bright light has _____________ |
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| wavelength determines the _______ of sound wave, or number of cycles |
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| perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound |
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| _____frequency, high pitch |
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| pinna and external auditory canal |
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| membrane that vibrates in response to sound |
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| oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane |
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| inner ear consists of what. 3 things |
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| lines inner wall of cochlea |
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place theory
Georg von Bekesy |
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| theory of hearing that states that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on basilar membrane |
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| theory stating that perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fibers |
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| modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession producing a volley of impulses |
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| nerve that carries neural impulses to the brains auditory areas |
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| sensation that warns us that damage to our bodies is occuring |
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| sensation that warns us that damage to our bodies is occuring |
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| sensory receptors located under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin to provide input to keep body temp at 98.6 |
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| gate control theory of pain |
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| theory stating that the spinal column contains neural gate that can be opened (allowing perception of pain) and closed (blocking perception of pain) |
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| bumps of the tounge that contain taste buds |
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| sheet of receptor cells for smell that lines the roof of the nasal cavity |
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| senses that provide info about movement, posture, and orientation |
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| senses that provide info about balance and movement |
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| structure in inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion |
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