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| A system of government in which a single government unit holds the power to govern the nation. |
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| A system of government in which the federal government and state governments each have mutually exclusive spheres of action. |
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| A system of government in which the national and state governments share in providing citizens with a set of goods. |
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| Shifting to the national government responsibilities traditionally exercised by the state. |
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| The explicit powers given to Congress by the Constitution in Article I, Sec 8. These include the powers of taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and provision of the national defense. |
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| Allows Congress to"make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers." |
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| The amendment that offers the most explicit endorsement of federalism to be found in the Constitution: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." |
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| Competition among states that involves adopting policies that each state would prefer to avoid. For example, states engage in cutthroat competition when they underbid one another on tax breaks to attract businesses relocating their facilities. |
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| When states "race", or compete, to provide a minimal level of services (such as welfare) or regulation (such as tax incentives for corporations). There remains much debate over whether or not states do indeed race toward the bottom. |
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| Laws passed by Congress that override or preempt state or local policies. The power of preemption derives from the supremacy clause. |
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| Funds given by Congress to state or local governments for a specific purpose. |
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| A broad grant of money given by the federal government to a state government. The grant specifies the general area in which the funds may be spent, but leaves it to the state to determine the specific allocations. |
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| A grant of money given by the federal government to a state government for which the federal government provides matching funds, usually between one and two dollars, for every dollar the state spends in some area. |
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