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psc 1
Exam 3 - Chapter 11: Human Development
21
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/14/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Synaptic Pruning

 

1) myelination

2) synaptogenesis

Definition

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserve, and those that are not are lost

 

1) fibers are wrapped with a fatty sheath to increase the speed with which they are able to trasmit signals

2) the formation of new connections between nuerons

Term

teratogen

2 eg?

Definition

environmental agent that harms the embryo or fetus

eg thalidomide which was taken by pregnant women in the 60s to treat morning sickness.  It made these women give birth to children with flipper-like appendages.

 

eg Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) causes distinctive faceial features and damage to the CNS, causing behavioral, cognitive, and social problems

Term
critical period
Definition
developmental stage during which we acquire certain skills and knowledge (if we don't acquire that skill during the critical period, it will never be developed)
Term

Attachment

Definition
a strong, intimate, emotional bond that persists over time and circumstance
Term
imprinting (Filial)
Definition
a process where a young animal learns the characteristics of its parent
Term
sensitive period
Definition
developmental stage during which specific skills and knowledge are easiest to acquire
Term
John Bowlby
Definition
says that attachment serves to motivate infants and caregivers to stay in close contact. Argued that infant behaviors are designed to illicit response from caregiver
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
Provided one of the mose striking examples of nonhuman attachemtn. He worked in attachment experiment with rhesus monkeys that were exposed to surrogate mothers (one provided nourishment, one provided comfort).  He found that the monkeys spent most of the time w/ the comforting mother and only went to the nourishing mother when they needed nourishment.  This experiment demonstrated that contact comfort is a key element in social development.
Term

Mary Ainsworth

 

1) strange situation test

 2) attachment styles

Definition

developed the Strange Situation Test, a 20-minute evaluation to observe the attachment between children and their caregivers.

1) a test involving observing kids, caregiver, and friendly but unfamiliar adult in a series of eight episodes where the procedure consists of a sequence of separations and reunions b/w the child and each of the 2 adults

2) Secure: cried when mom left, but better when mom comes back; Avoidant: not distressed when mom leaves, can be comfy w/ stranger; Anxious-ambivalent: clingy to mother, cry when mom leaves and becomes upset again when mother returns

Term

Parenting Styles of children that are:

1) secure

2) avoidant

3) anxious-ambivalent

Definition

1) consistent, appropriate responses

2) ignore distress encourage independence

 3) inconsistent parenting (child doesn't know what to expect)

Term

3 parenting styles

 

1) Autocratic/Authoritarian

2) Permissive

3) Authoritative-reciprocal

Definition

1) withdrawn, lack independence, angry

2) lack independence, immature, no social responsibility

3) independent, competent, socially responsible

 

Term

Four Adult Attachment Styles

1) Secure

2) Dismissive

3) Fearful

4) Preoccupied

Definition

1) Low anxiety/Low Avoidance: Enjoy emotional closeness

2) Low Anxiety/High Avoidance: Independent, don't "need" others

3) High Anxiety/High Avoidance: Uncomfortable with others, trust issues

4) High Anxiety/Low Avoidance: Want intimacy, worry about it

Term
Orienting Reflex
Definition
The tendency for humans to pay more attention to novel stimuli
Term

Schemas

 

1) assimilation

2) accomodation

Definition

hypothetical cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information

 

1) the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema

2) the process by which a schema is adapted or expanded to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema.

Term
Rouge Test
Definition
test of self-awareness (>15 months old) - a mark eg lipstick is put on baby's nose and baby is shown to mirror.  >15 months recognize mirror image as themselves and wipe off mark
Term
theory of mind
Definition
the ability to explain and predict other people's behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state (eg the 2 doll story where 2 dolls play w/ a block then one doll puts the block away in a box and goes outside to play. meanwhile the other doll takes the block out of the box and puts it into a basket.  the other doll comes back and the kids are asked if this doll will know where the block is)
Term
wug test
Definition
linguistic experiment that investigates the acquisition of complex language characteristics in children (morphemes, plurals, etc) - 5-6 year old kids can apply nonsense words to the rules of grammer (can modify language when need be)
Term

Lawrence Kohlberg

 

Moral Reasoning

1) Preconventional (children)

2) Conventional

3) Postconventional

Definition

tested moral reasoning skills, devising a theory of moral judgement that involved 3 levels of moral reasoning

1) self interest (avoid punishment and maximize reward)

2) conform, maintain order, what will others think?

3) social responsibility, conscience, ethics

Term
Eriksonian stages
Definition
proposed theory of development that emphasized age-related psychological processes and their effects on social functioning across life span.
Term

Identity

 

 

Definition

an individual's comprehension of him/herself as a discrete, separate entity; includes the sense of continuity, uniqueness from others, and affiliation

 

Term
fluid vs crystallized intelligence throughout lifespan
Definition

fluid: abilit to process new general info that requires no specific knowledge eg the ability to recognize an anolgy or arrange blocks to match a picture

crystallized: more specific knowledge that must be learned or memorized eg vocabulary or knowledge of specialized info or reasoning strategies.

 

fluid intelligence tends to decline steadily with age, whereas crystallized intelligence increases through at least the 40s and 50s and then levels off

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