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| Caudillo dictator of Argentina, 1835-52, after which Argentina formed a constitution |
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| Leader of middle-class, moderately reformist Radical Civic Union (UCR), elected president from 1916-22 before being re-elected and ousted, 1928-30 |
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| Juan Peron's radio actress-turned-wife and political partner, whose rags-to-riches story and social programs earned her great respect among the poor, making her an indispensable asset in appealing to unions and women for her husband before her premature death in 1952 |
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| "shirtless ones," representing unionism and laborers in Argentina, forming the base of Juan Peron's rise to power in 1945-46 |
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| Argentina's military government's harsh crackdown on alleged leftists from 1976-82 |
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| Islands off the coast of the Tierra del Fuego, disputed between Argentina and Great Britain (who fought a war over them in 1982) |
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| Peronist leader who led Argentina from 1989-99, slogging through inflationary pressures and amendment to allow for his re-election in 1995 |
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| Fernando Henrique Cardoso's 1994 plan to stabilize the Brazilian economy by creating a new currency, the real, to be held at $1.10USD as well as to cut spending and open up the economy |
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| Brazil as "a country for all," with multiethnic democracy of blacks, whites, mestizos, and immigrants |
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| powerful southern state in Brazil which alternated power with Sao Paulo in the "cafe com leite" alliance |
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| president of Brazil from 1954-60, leading state capitalist development under his "Program of Goals," including building a new capital, Brasilia |
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| Positivist slogan on the Brazilian flag, set up under the First Republic from 1889-1930, representing a general trend in Latin America toward state building |
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| Getulio Vargas' dictatorial rule from 1937-45 which saw a destruction of the legislature in preference for executive power in a fascistic, corporatist tradition |
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| regional trade bloc "of the Southern Cone" formed in 1994 by Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and then joined by Chile |
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| Christian Democrat president of Chile from 1964-70, elected as part of anti-Allende alliance backed by the US in 1964 election |
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| 1879-83 war in which Chile seized the Atacama Desert, gaining vast guano deposits while humiliating Peru and Bolivia (now cut off from the sea) |
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| Socialist president of Chile from 1970-73, presiding over an increasingly chaotic country before being ousted by Augusto Pinochet on Sept 11, 1973 |
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| Secret police under Pinochet in Chile |
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| President of Chile, 2000-06, |
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| Lone military dictator in Colombian history, seizing power in 1953 seeking to stabilize the country after "La violencia" |
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| Liberal-Conservative union formed in 1957 to oust Rojas, alternating power until 1974--pattern still continuing now |
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| Castroist rebel group in Colombia, now largely defeated under Uribe |
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| President of Colombia from 2003-present, winning popularity for harshly prosecuting the war on FARC, extremists, and drugs under Plan Colombia with the US |
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| Period of turmoil in Colombian history from 1948's assassination of reformist presidential candidate Jorge Catan, lasting into the 1960s |
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| infamous drug lord in Colombia in the late 1980s-early 1990s, leader of the Medellin cartel under his killing |
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| Fujimori's "self-coup" from 1993 |
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| Victor Raul Haya de la Torre |
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| President of Peru from 1985-90 and 2006-present, serving as the first APRA president and falling amid hyperinflation in the late 1980s |
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| Semi-authoritarian president of Peru from 1990-2000, who earned loyal following as force for law and order, representing "direct democracy" but truly ruling as a hyperpresident after his 1994 "self-coup" against the legislature, forcing a new constitution strengthening his powers until corruption scandal brought him down in 2000 |
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| Early dictator of Venezuela, |
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| military dictator over Venezuela from 1948-58 |
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| 1958 pact between reformist/center-left AD and center-right COPEI |
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| Dictator of Venezuela, 1908-35, whose violent and kleptocratic regime helped motivate a turn to reformism after his death |
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| Christian Democratic party in Venezuela |
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| Leader of liberal (Colorado) party in Urugay, presiding from 1903-15, presiding over an era of progressive reform including women's suffrage and a welfare state |
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| Lightly populated wasteland region in northern Paraguay, over which Bolivia and Paraguay fought from 1932-35 |
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| Urban leftist guerrillas, often student radicals, in Uruguay |
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| Leftist president of Uruguay from 2005-09, elected on Broad Front coalition |
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| Largest indigenous group, largely mixed with Hispanics to form mestizo population dominant in Paraguay |
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| Dictatorial ruler of Paraguay from 1862-70 who initiated war with |
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| 1932-35 war in which Bolivia failed to seize the Chaco region of Paraguay, where oil was thought to lie |
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| Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra |
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| Perennial president of Ecuador, elected five times, including in 1968, after which he ruled dictatorially from 1970-72 as Ecuador became an oil exporter |
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| De facto capital of Bolivia despite legal transfer to Sucre |
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| Along with Aymara the dominant indigenous group in Bolivia |
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| Leader of reformists who took over Bolivia in 1951, leading a regime implementing land reform, universal suffrage, and increased indigenous education until 1964 |
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| Victor Paz' reformist party which led and ruled throughout the Bolivian Revolution |
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| Morales' Movement toward Socialism party, gaining momentum on back of coca growers against US eradication efforts |
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| Current president of Bolivia, a former coca growers' unionizer and the nation's first indigenous president |
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| President of Ecuador forced out by military and indigenous protests in January 2000 over economic difficulties |
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| Populist mayor of Guayaquil elected president of Ecuador in 1996 but forced out by Congress in 1997 |
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| Free trade bloc of the Andean nations, created in 1969 |
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| Ecuadorean assertion of sovereign rights over lucrative tuna fisheries in waters up to 200 miles off its coast |
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| Dictator of Paraguay, ruling with an iron fist from 1954-89 |
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