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| Comparative Political study |
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| Comparing political instituions and behaviors from state to state and community to community in order to identify and explain similarities or differences |
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| Although four states call themselves commonwealths the term refers to any self governing community and currently describes the government of Puerto Rico, a territory of the United States |
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| State Economic Development |
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| Broadly defines as population growth and the income and educational levels of a state's population |
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| Money that is recieved as a result of hte normal business ativities of an individual or a business |
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| Those residing in the US because tey have a well founded fear of persecution in thier country of origin |
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| persons residing illegally in a nation, sometimes referred to as undocumented residents |
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| Persons residing in a nation who are not citizens |
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| government forgiveness of a crime, usually granted to a group of people |
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| the unlawful entry of people from other nations into a the US |
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| Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency |
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| Federal agency responsible for the enforecemnt of immigration and customs laws |
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| political entrepreneurship |
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| the tendency of candidates in electoral campaigns to propose policy innovations in order to publize themselves and win votes |
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| cities with politically liberal electorates that do not enforce federal immigration laws |
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| Historical styles and traditions in states politics that cannot be directly attributed to demographic factors |
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| moral issues designed to cause someone to cross party lines |
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| The principle that government power over the individual is limited, that there are some personal liberties that even a majority cannot regulate and that overnment itself is restrained by the law |
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| A government of laws, not people, operating on the principle that governemtnal power must be limited, that government officials should be restrained in their exercise of power over individuals |
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| the legal structure establishing governemtnal bodies, granting their powers, determining how their members are selected, and prescribing the rules by which they make their decision. Considered basic or fundamental, a constitution cannot be changed by ordinary acts of governmental bodies |
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| Documents granted to American colonies by English Kings establishing governments; fostered the American traiditon of written constituitons |
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| In state constituions, written protections for basic freedoms; most resemble the bill of Rights n the US constitution but some extend these rights |
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| The constitutional allocation of powers among the three branches of the state government: legislative, executive, and judicial |
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| Constituional provision giving each branck of state government certain checks over other branches |
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| a legislative gody that consists of two separate chambers or houses |
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| An owner-occupied home; many states grant tax breaks to this type of property |
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| The state legislature places a constituional amendment on the ballot for voter approval |
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| Registered voters sign a petition to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot for voter approval |
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| Popular paritcipation in government |
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| Representational Democracy |
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| Popular participation in government through the selection of public officials by vote of the people in periodic, competitive elections in whihc candidates and voters can freely express themselves |
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| Popular participation in government through direct voter intitiation of policy and voter approval or rejection of policy decisions by popular vote |
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| A device by which a specific number or percentage of the votesr may petition to have a constitutional amendment or law placed on the ballot for adoption or rejection by the electorate; found in some sate constituions but not in the US Constitution |
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| proposed laws or constituional amendments submitted to voters for their direct approval or rejection; found in some state constituions but not in the US constitution |
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| An election to allow voters to decide whether or not to remove an elected official before his or her term expires |
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| A constitutional ammendment toreduce property taxes passed by California voters; has come to symbolize tax revolts |
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| Governemtn's condmenation (taking_ of private property for public use; landowner must be compensated |
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| Constitutional limits on the number of terms or the number of years that a public official can serve in the same office |
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| A constituional arrangemnet whereby power is divided between national and subnational governments, wach of which enforeces its own laws directly on tis citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangment without the consent of the other |
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| Constituional arrangement whereby authority rests with the national government; subnatioanl governments have only those powers given to them by national governments |
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| Constituional arrangement whereby the national government is created by and relies on subnational governments for its authority |
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| the disperal of power among the separate branches of government |
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| Delegated or enumberated powers |
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| powers specifically mentioned in the constitutionas belonging to the national government |
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| Necessary and proper clause |
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| Caluse in Article I Seciton 8 of the US constitution granting Congress the power to enact all laws that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out those responsibilities sepcifically delegated to it. Also referred to as the implied powers clause |
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| powers not mentioned specifically in the Constituion as belonging to Congress but inferred as necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers |
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| National Supremacy Clause |
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| Clause in Article VI of the US constituion declaring hte constitution and laws of the national government "the supreme law of the land" superiror to the constituions and laws of the states |
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| Powers not granted to the national government or specifically denied to the states in te Constituion that are recognized by the 10th amendment as belonging to the state governments. This guarantee, known as the Reserved Powers Clause embodies the principle of American Federalism |
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| A Constituional amendment proposed by Congress but never ratified by the ncessary three fourths of the states. It woudl ahve guaranteed "equality of rights under law" for women and men |
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| Payments of funds from the national government to state or local governments or from a state governemtn to local governemtns for specific purposes, usually on a matching basis |
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| Federal gratns-in-aid to state or local governments for specific purposes or projects |
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| Federal Gratns-in-aid for general governmental functions, allowing state and local governmetns to exercis some flexibility in use with a function |
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| Early concept of federalism in which national and state powers were clearly distinguished and functionally separate |
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| Model of federalism in which nationa, state, and lcoal governmetns work together exercising common policy responsibilities |
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| model of federalism in which the national government assuems primary responsibility for determining national goals in all major policy areas and directs state and local government activity through conditions attachted to money grants |
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| A reference toefforts first in te nixon administration to return some fedreal tax funds to the states and later effort in the Regan administration to consolidate federal grant-in-aid programs into block gratns. both gave more contorl over spending priorities to states |
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| Federal tax dollars returned to state and local governments with few strings attached; programs ended when federal governmetn faced a deficit |
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| in fedreal-state relations, the federal government's assumption of regulatory powers in a particular field to the partial or full exclusion of state powers |
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| In federal-state relations, the federal government's order to state governments to provide particular services or perform specific services |
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| mandates that impose costs on state and local governments without reimbursement from the federal government |
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| passing down responsibilities from the national governemtn to the states |
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| relationships between states |
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| the clause in the US constitution requiring states to legally recognize the offical acts of other states |
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| Privileges and immunities |
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| The clause in te US constituiton preventing states from discriminating against citizens of toher states |
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| the surrender by one state of a person accused or convicted of a crime in antoher state |
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