Term
| Leishmania is classified in the phylum |
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Definition
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Term
| Leishmania is classified in the phylum |
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Definition
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Term
| What genera of vector transmit Leishmania in the Old World and New World? |
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Definition
Phlebotomus - Old worls
Lutozomiya -new world |
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Term
| What two parasite forms occur during the life cycle? |
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Definition
| Promastigotes and amastigotes |
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Term
| Inside what cells does the parasite live in humans? |
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Definition
| Promastigotes enter the macrophages by phagocytosis, and inside parasitophorous vacuole from the host cell membrane |
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Term
| What is found inside a parasitophorous vacuole? |
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Definition
| This vacuole binds with a lysosome which has a low pH. |
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Term
| By what process does the parasite multiply? |
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Definition
| amastigotes multiply via binary fission |
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Term
| Why do reservoir hosts make control of the parasite difficult? |
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Definition
| A diverse group. Rodents, wild and domestic dogs. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for leishmaniasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for cutaneous leishmaniasis |
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Definition
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Term
| What species cause this pathology in the Old World and New World |
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Definition
| OLD world= L.TROPICANA new world- L. Mexicana |
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Term
| Do these species cause secondary lesions? |
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Definition
| Yes , causes secondary bacterial infections |
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Term
| Why don’t the amastigotes spread through the body? |
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Definition
| Parasites cant grow in core body temperature |
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Term
| How can infection be diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Amastigotes in the margin of the lesion |
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Term
| . What species causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the primary skin lesion form? |
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Definition
| Forms at the site of sandfly bite |
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Term
| Name two types of secondary lesions and describe the pathology they cause. |
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Definition
mucocutaneous junctions of the skin= Nose and lips
1. Chiclero ulcer = mexico and central America –lesion on ear. Pinna can erode.
2. Espundia = rainforests of mexico and c America. Nose cartilage destroyed. Sometimes larynx and trachea are also affected |
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Term
| What species causes visceral leishmaniasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were Leishman and Donovan |
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Definition
| William Leishman and Charles Donovans –discovered Visceral leishmaniasis. |
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Term
| Why are amastigotes also called LD bodies? |
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Definition
| because Leishman and Donovan discovered it. |
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Term
| Why does the immune system become worn down in this infection? |
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Definition
| macrophages are destroyed so more of them are made at the expense of RBC. Hepatsplenomegaly occurs. Emaciation immature macrophages are result which are ineffective. |
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Term
| How is infection diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Amastigotes in tissue, blood, or nasal smear, xenodiagnoses ( bugs feed on the person) |
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Term
| How can sandflies be controlled? |
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Definition
| DDT for safe zone, no low growing bushes used as rest spots, protect against bites, eliminate reservoir hosts. |
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Term
| How can humans be protected from sandfly bites? |
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Definition
| Bed nets, insect repellants, bed nets, fly screens |
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Term
| What is the significance of Leishmania-HIV coinfection? |
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Definition
| Emerging disease in developing countries. Both decrease immune response of host. |
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Term
| What is the one species in the phylum Ciliophora that infects humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Balantidium coli large or small compared to other protozoans in humans? |
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Definition
| LARGEST protozoan parasite of humans |
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Term
| Which structure is lined with coarse cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure ingests food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are contractile vacuoles unusual in a parasitic organism? |
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Definition
| Contractile vacuoles indicate osmoregulatory ability |
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Term
| What are the functions of the macronucleus and micronucleus? |
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Definition
| Macronucleus- Trophic functions Micronucleus-Reproduction |
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Term
| What stimulates encystment in B. coli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the transmission stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does hyaluronidase contribute to pathology by B. coli |
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Definition
| Destroys host intestinal epithelium-Flask shaped ulcer. |
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Term
| What type of ulcers can form in the intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can B. coli infections be treated and controlled? |
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Definition
| Sanitation . Treatment- metronidazole. |
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Term
| Describe various characteristics of an ideal antiparasitic drug. |
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Definition
| it must be effective against intended pathogen. Should be less harmful to host cells than the parasites. Kills 100% parasites parasites in the individual. Broad spectrum –wide range of parasites. Rapid acting –eliminate parasite as fast as possible. Ease of administration. No side effects. Affordable. Long shelf life preferably no fridge. Environment friendly. |
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Term
| How is the use of ivermectin detrimental to the environment? |
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Definition
| kills invertebrates in the soil and water (when released by host via feces). Can also end up on milk and meat. |
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