Term
| The basic traditional groups of parasite |
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Definition
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Term
| How do helminths and protozoa differ? |
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Definition
helmiths are multicellular
protozoa are unicellular Eukaryotes |
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Term
| Characteristics of protozoa |
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Definition
| not easily defined, unicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophs, 45000 species, found in the soil, marine, fresh water parasites |
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Term
| what one characteristic is common to all members of phylum Rhizopoda |
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Definition
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Term
| what one characteristic is common to all members of phylum metanomoda |
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Definition
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Term
| what one characteristic is common to all members of phylum ciliaphora |
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Definition
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Term
| what one characteristic is common to all members of phylum apicomplexa |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 genera in the order Amoebida |
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Definition
| Entamoebia, endolimax, iodomoebia,acanthamoebia |
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Term
| what is the one genera under order schizopyranidia |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 orders in which members possess a flagellum |
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Definition
| Diplomonadida, Trichomonadida, kinetoplastida |
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Term
| genra within the phylum apicomplexa |
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Definition
| plasmodium and toxoplasma |
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Term
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Definition
- found in phylum metanomoda
- depending on the species can be 1 or more than one flagella
- swim-can move in a liquid medium (no substrate)
- axoneme- embedded within the flagellum and gives support to the flagellum
- Basal Body ( AKA: belapharoplast/kinetosome) - organelles that anchor the flagellum |
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Term
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Definition
Found in phylum ciliaphora
shorter then flagellum and more of them
very similar to flagellum
DOES NOT NEED A SUBSTRATE |
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Term
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Definition
found in Phylum rhizopoda
amoebas use it not only for locomotion but also for food aquisition
they are temporary extensions of the cytoplasm
they utilize myosin and actin contractile
NEED A SUBSTRATE |
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Term
| Do all Protozoa have mitochondria? |
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Definition
| No, some use anaerobic metabolism |
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Term
| Where do organisms in the order Amoebida live |
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Definition
| free living, in soil, aquatic environment, some are parasitic, some in vertebrate or invertibrate intestinal tract |
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Term
| Method of reproduction (Amoebida) |
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Definition
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Term
| what types of symbiotic relationships with humans are possible? |
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Definition
most are commensals (+/-) = amoeba benefits and host is not harmed
few are pathogenic= amoeba benefits and host is harmed |
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Term
| which genera are associated with humans |
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Definition
entamoeba, endolimax, iodomoeba
(I can't entertain endocrine idols)
( I can't get into humans ) |
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Term
| What is an Endosome and how can it be used for identification? |
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Definition
| it is similar to nucleolus and has RNA and genes for ribosome synthesis. Its size and nucleus can be used for identification. It can be small, large, centric, or offcentric |
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Term
| What two stages occur in the life cycle (phylum amoebida) |
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Definition
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Term
| what are chromotoidal bars and in which stage are they found? |
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Definition
| chromotoidial bars are deposits of nucleic acid and they are found only in young cysts. They disintegrate when the cysts start getting older. |
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Term
| how many people worldwide are affected by entamoeba histolytica? |
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Definition
one of the primary causes of death in wars (back in the day)
presently the 3 most common cause of parasitic death in the world
about 500 million people are infected worldwide and 110,000 die from it every year |
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Term
| what is the size of a trophozite?EH |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the morphology of the nucleus?EH |
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Definition
| small and centered, finely distributed chromatin |
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Term
| how do the trophozoites reproduce?EH |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens if the two cells can't break apart?EH |
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Definition
| the cells send out a distress signal (chemoattractant) this attracts a midwife cell (another entamoebic cell). This midwife cell bangs against the cleavage furrow causing it to rupture and break into two. |
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Term
| what stimulates an encystment?EH |
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Definition
| some trophs get carried down by fecal matterto the posteriad in the intestine. this causes the trophs to dry out and that stimulates encystment. |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical, packed with glycogen which is full of energy, secretes a tough thin wall. Precyst produces the cyst. |
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Term
| How many times does the nucleus undergo division in the cyst? EH |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the chromatodial bar look like? EH |
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Definition
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Term
| whats a mechanical vector?EH |
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Definition
| actively moves the parasites. No development occurs here. Example. Cockroach and flies. |
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Term
| what happens when the cyst is ingested by humans? EH |
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Definition
| excysts in the small intestine. Trypsin in the small intestine breaks down the cell wall. cytoplasm and the nucleus divide. you end up with 8 metacystic trophs (smaller versions of trophs). The trophs moves into the crypts of the large intestine and complete their life cycle there. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of pathology cause by an organism |
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Term
| Noninvasive intestinal disease is caused by which stage of the histolytica? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are asymptomatic individuals? |
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Definition
| these asymptomatic individuals are carriers. They don't show symptoms but carry the disease, and so they can pass it on unkowingly. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a substance that can trigger the release of another substance. |
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Term
| what is stimulated by the E.histolytica secratagogue? |
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Definition
| the troph's secratagogue causes the host to release more mucus. This causes the depletion of mucus (defense mechanisms usually live on top of the mucus so this is bad). |
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Term
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Definition
| a lectin is a protein with binding specificity for a particular carbohydrate. |
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Term
| how is the gal/galNAc lectin of E. histolytica involved in invasion? |
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Definition
| lectin is found on the surface of the trophozoites. this particular lectin binds to galactose oor N-acetyl-D-gaactosamine. This enables the trophs to bind to the host cell surface. this binding is known as the cytoadherence. Host cells that lack Gal and GalNAc residues are going to be resistant. |
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Term
| what is an amoebapore? EH |
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Definition
| it is a peptide that is 77 amino acids long forms dimers. three dimers result in a hexamer. hexamer is a hollow ring shaped structure. this hexamer intercalates into host cell membrane. wedges itself into the membrane. Intercalation forms holes that are 2 nonometers across (now having an opening through which the host cell cytoplasm is going to leak out). As a result, host cell dies. |
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Term
| how do E. histoytica proteases affect the host? |
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Definition
| cleave the host cell structure. |
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Term
| what happens if he E. histolytica trophozites advance into the submucosa? |
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Definition
| EH destroys more tissue as it advances . there is a gap b/w the columnar cells from where the amoeba damaged those cells and then it hits the submucosa and you have a ulcer that deepens and spreads lateraly (side to side). it is shaped like a flask; narrow at the neck and wider at the base. |
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Term
| What is the symptoms of EH infections? |
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Definition
takes 2-4 weeks to develop and when they do, they vary. It could be
-Nausea
-diarrhea
- cramps
-flatulence
- 10/20 stools per day
- vomiting
- dehydration |
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Term
| what is necrotizing colotis? EH |
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Definition
| rare and exteremly severe bloody diarrhea. comes with fever, abdominal pain. Most of the intestinal mucosa is involved, Mortality exceeds 50%. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory thickening of cells around the ulcer |
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Term
| how can perineal ulcers form in an EH infection? |
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Definition
| Trophs emerging from the large intestine rather than oassing away from the body, they stay in the perineal area and invade skin that surrounds the anus producing ulcer. |
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Term
| how are infections with E. histolytica diagnosed and treated ? |
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Definition
| feces and ELISA that detects antibodies. |
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Term
| How can this parasite be controlled? EH |
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Definition
| Water treatment- filtering water through sand. waste disposal. and prevent food contamination. |
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