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| Unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell organization. |
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| Loosely connected groups of cells, some protists form these. |
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| Consisting of a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm. Some protists are coenocytic. |
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| Composed of many cells. Some protists are multicellular. |
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| A more or less equal partnership where both partners benefit. |
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| A partnership where one partner benefits and the other is unaffected. |
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| A relationship where one partner (the parasite) lives on or in another (the host) and metabolically depends on it. |
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| The floating, often microscopic organisms that inhabit surface waters and are the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems. |
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| The union of gametes in sexual reproduction. |
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| Certain eukaryotic organelles (particularly mitochondira and chloroplasts) arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and smaller prokaryotes that were incorporated and lived withinh them. |
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| The fine details of cell structure revealed by electron microscopy. |
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| Evolved from a common ancestor. |
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| What biologists regard the protist kingdom as; it means the protist kingdom contains some, but not all, of the descendants of a common eukaryote ancestor. |
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| Mostly heterotrophic, unicellular (a few are colonial) organisms with spherical or elongated bodies. They move with flagella, and some ingest food by means of a definite "food" or oral groove. |
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| A type of zooflagellate. They are endosymbionts and live in anoxic (without oxygen) environments. Excavates lack mitochondria, do not carry out aerobic respiration, and obtain energy by glycolysis. |
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| A type of excavate. They retain some characteristics of ancient protists. Diplomonads have one or two nuclei, no mitochondria, no Golgi complex, and up to eight flagella. |
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| Specialized excavates with hundreds of flagella, that live in the guts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches. These zooflagellates lack mitochondria but have Golgi complexes. Trichonymphs ingest wood chips and rely on endosymbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose in the wood that termites or roaches eat; the insects, trichonymphs, and bacteria obtain their nutrients from this source. |
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| Zooflagellates named for their disc-shaped mitochondrial cristae. Discicristates include euglenoids. |
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| Unicellular flagellates, about one third of them are photosynthetic. They genearlly have two flagella: one long and whiplike and one so short that it does not extend outside the cell. Euglenoids are discicristates, and produce asexually. They also have pellicles. |
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| Flexible outer covering on euglenoids. |
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| Yellow and orange photosynthetic pigments, autotrophic euglenoids have them. |
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| Digesting the prey within food vacuoles. |
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| Colorless euglenoids, many of which are parasitic. Reproduce asexually by mitosis. |
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| Alveolates have similar ribosomal DNA sequences and alveoli, flattened vesicles located just inside the plasma membrane. Alveolates include the ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans. |
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| Unicellular with pellicles and most have cilia. Some aren't motile and have stalks or stick to rocks. Ciliates have trychocysts. |
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| Organelles that discharge filaments that may aid in trapping prey, found in ciliates. |
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| Ciliates that lack cilia over much of the body except on the ventral surface, where they occur in stiff tufts called cirri. |
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| Special organelles that control water regulation in freshwater ciliates. |
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| Small, diploid nuclei that function in reproduction. |
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| Large, polyploid nucleus that controls cell metabolism and growth. |
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| Sexual process where two individuals come together and exchange genetic material, ciliates are capable of this. |
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| Mostly unicellular alveolates but some are colonial. Their alveoli contain interlocking cellulose plates impregnated with silicates. They usually have two flagella. |
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| A yellow-brown carotenoid that most dinoflagellates have. |
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| Symbiotic dinoflagellates that lack cellulose plates and flagella. Zooxanthae are photosynthetic. |
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| Parasitic, spore-forming alveolates. Some of them cause disease (malaria) in humans. They move by flexing, and attach their microtubules to the host cell. They create sporozoites. |
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| Small, infective agents transmitted to the next host from parasitic organisms. |
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| Heterokonts include water molds, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae. Heterkonts have motile cells with two flagella, one of which has tiny hairlike projections off the shaft. |
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| Have mycelium that grows over organic material, digesting it and then absorbing the predigested nutrietns. The threadlike hyphae that make up the mycelium in water molds are coenocytic, meaning that there are no cross walls, and the body consists of a single multinucleate cell. The cell walls of water molds are composed of cellulose, chitin, or both. They reproduce asexually and sexually. |
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| Tiny biflagellate zoospores formed from the tips of mycelium. |
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| Unicellular, although a few exist as colonies. THe cell wall of each diatom consists of two shells taht overlap where they fit together. Silica is deposited in the shell, and the glasslike material is laid down in intricate patterns. Some have radial symmetry and some have bilateral symmetry. Diatoms sometimes glide through water, which is facilitated by the secretion of a slimy material from a small groove along the shell. Diatoms contain carotenoids and fucoxanthin (photosynthetic pigments). Diatoms reproduce asexually and sexually. |
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| Most species are biflagellate, unicellular organisms, although some are colonial. Tiny scales of either silica or calcium carbonate may cover the cells. Reproduction is primarily asexual and involves the production of flagellate, motile spores called zoospores. They are photosynthetic and produce carotenoids and fucoxanthin. |
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| Commonly known as seaweed. Multicellular, and have leaflike blades where photosynthesis occurs. They also have stemlike stipes and rootlike anchoring holdfasts. They often have gas-filled bladders that provide buoyancy. They spend part of their life in the diploid state and part in a haploid state. They reproduce sexually and asexually. |
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| Ameboid cells that often have hard outer shells, called tests, through which cytoplasmic projections extend. |
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| A type of cercozoa. Many foraminiferans contain unicellular algal endosymbionts that provide fod by photosynthesis. |
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| Marine plankton orgainsms with long, filamentous cytpolasmic projections called axopods that protrude through pores in their shells. A cluster of microtubules strengthens each axopod. They catch prey by cytoplasmic streaming. |
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| Red pigment, red algae have this in their chloroplasts. |
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| Blue pigment, red algae have this in their chloroplasts. |
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| Have pigments, energy reserve products, and cell walls that are chemically identical to plants. They can be single celled or colonial. They reproduce sexually and asexually. They produce gametangia (unicellular reproductive structures in which gametes are produced). |
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| Two flagellated gametes that fuse and are identical in size and appearance. |
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| Two flagellate gametes of different sizes that fuse together. |
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| Nonmotile egg and flagellate male gamete that fuse together. |
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| Unicellular organisms with pseudopodia. They can create cysts, thick-walled, resistant resting stages. |
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| Multinucleate mass of cytoplasm. When conditions are bad, they reproduce and make sporangia which can survive for a long time. When conditions are good, the sporangia become adults. |
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| During its feeding stage, each cellular slime mold is an individual amoeboid cell that ingests bacteria and other particles fo food as it goes. It reproduces by mitosis. When there is not enough food or moisture, they send out a chemical signal and combine with other cellular slime molds to create a pseudoplasmodium, or slug. They then create a stalked fruiting body containing spores. |
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