Term
| What is a precursor of Vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of Vitamin A in the body? |
|
Definition
| Retinol Retinal Retinoic Acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Vitamin A? |
|
Definition
| Vision: Cornea, Epithelial Cells, Mucous Membrane Skin Bone & Tooth Growth Regulation of Gene Expression Reproduction Immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of a Vitamin A Deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Night Blindness Corneal Drying (xerosis) Blindness (xerophthalmia) Impaired Bone Growth/Tooth Decay Keratin Lumps on Skin Impaired Immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of a Vitamin A Toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Increased Activity of Osteoclasts Liver Abnormalities Birth Defects Harmless Yellowing of Skin |
|
|
Term
| How does Vitamin A regulate Genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 indispensable roles of Vitamin A with eyesight? |
|
Definition
Process of Light Perception at Retina
Maintenance of Healthy Cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light-sensitive Pigment of Retina Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal Protein of Hair and Nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accumulation of Keratin in a Tissue
Sign of Vitamin A Deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive hardening of cornea of eye that can lead to blindness |
|
|
Term
| Main Food Sources of Vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Beta-carotene exists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Macular Degeneration? |
|
Definition
Progressive loss of function to part of the retina that is crucial to focused vision
Leads to Blindness |
|
|
Term
| What are food sources of Beta-carotene? |
|
Definition
Orange Fruits & Vegetables
Dark Green Vegetables |
|
|
Term
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the dietary antioxidants? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Selenium, Beta-carotene |
|
|
Term
| What is the toxicity of Beta-carotene? |
|
Definition
| None, harmless skin yellowing |
|
|
Term
| What substance breaks down polypeptides in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do proteins contain? |
|
Definition
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is destroyed by heat exposure and oxidation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An atom loses an electron |
|
|
Term
| What disorder is linked with free radicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are known carcinogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taking daily doses of 3-4 times the RDA of what nutrient may cause death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the B-complex Vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Thiamin, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is necessary for the synthesis of phospholipids and other components of cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compounds in diet that work to prevent damage to cells and tissues |
|
|
Term
| What foods are rich in antioxidants? |
|
Definition
| They are rich in color. Ex: red delicious apple, dark chocolate, plums, red wine, blueberries, pecans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential, non-caloric, organic nutrient needed in small amounts in the diet |
|
|
Term
| Do vitamins give you energy? |
|
Definition
| No, they help you make energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the water-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Panthothenic Acid, Vitamin C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Folate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B6
Biotin
Panthothenic Acid |
|
|
Term
| Where is Retinyl Esters found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary deficiencies? |
|
Definition
Primary=Don't eat enough
Secondary=Don't use what you're eating |
|
|
Term
| Where beta-carotene broken down? |
|
Definition
| Broken down in the small intestine to retinol (vitamin A) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Vitamin E? |
|
Definition
Antioxidant
Protects Cell Membrane
Regulates Oxidation Reactions
Protects Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Vitamin E deficiency? |
|
Definition
Red Blood Cell Breakage
Nerve Damage
Loss of Muscle Coordination |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Vitamin E toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Augments effects of anti-clotting medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atoms/molecules with an unpaired electron that make it unstable or highly reactive |
|
|
Term
| What is erythrocyte hemolysis? |
|
Definition
| Rupture of red blood cells, Cause by Vitamin E deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What are food sources of Vitamin E? |
|
Definition
Canola Oil
Safflower Oil
Sunflower Seeds
Wheat Germ |
|
|
Term
| Where is Vitamin E absorbed? |
|
Definition
| From the intestines like fat via the lymph |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
Collagen Synthesis
Antioxidant
Restores Vitamin E to Active Form
Supports Immune System
Boosts Iron Absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Vitamin c Deficiency? |
|
Definition
Scurvy
Hemorrhages
Fatigue
Bleeding Gums
Bruises
Bone Fragility
Joint Pain
Poor Wound Healing
Frequent Infections |
|
|
Term
| What is Vitamin C Toxicity? |
|
Definition
Nausea
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Rashes
Interference with Medical Tests and Drug Therapies
Aggravation of Kidney Stones |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Collagen? |
|
Definition
Forms Base for Connective Tissues
Forms Scar Tissue that Heals Wounds
Reinforce Structure that Mends Fractures
Supports Material of Capillaries that Prevents Bruises |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin do the enzymes involved in the formation and maintenance of the protein collagen depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compound that triggers reactions involving oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are incomplete proteins? |
|
Definition
| Don't have all 9 amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What are complete proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if one amino acid is lacking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does protein digestion begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer RNA, puts them in order |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone puts calcium back in bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone takes calcium from bones and puts it in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men 90mg Women 75mg Smokers 125mg/110mg |
|
|
Term
| What causes Rickets in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Food Sources of Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
| Peppers, Citrus, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Strawberries |
|
|
Term
| Where is Vitamin C stored? |
|
Definition
| In small amounts all around the body |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is most easily destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can Vitamin C be destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Vitamin C prevent anemia? |
|
Definition
| Converts inactive form, folic acid, to active form, folinic acid, inside cells |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin does Vitamin C help regenerate by giving it an electron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Functions of Selenium? |
|
Definition
Protects Against Oxidation
Essential for thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are Food Sources of Selenium? |
|
Definition
Seafoods
Meats
Whole Grain
Vegetables |
|
|
Term
| What are the Selenium deficiency effects? |
|
Definition
Muscle Disorders
Weakness
Pain
Specific Heart Diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is Selenium toxicity? |
|
Definition
Nausea
Abdominal Pain
Hair Loss
Nerve, Liver, Muscle Damage |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin does Selenium work with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone does Selenium activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is essential for collagen formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thiamin Deficiency
Characterized by Edema (Fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy Metabolism
Nerve Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Beriberi
Enlarged Heart/Failure
Muscular Weakness/Pain/Apathy
Confusion
Anorexia/Weight Gain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Whole Wheat
Enriched Food
Pork Chop
Sunflower Seeds
Green Peas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food Sources of Riboflavin |
|
Definition
Dairy
Beef
Enriched Foods
Pork Chop
Mushrooms
Spinach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies of Riboflavin |
|
Definition
Cracks/Redness at Mouth
Red/Smooth Tongue
Inflamed Eyes
Skin Rashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Niacin Deficiency
Symptoms Include 4 D's
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chicken
Tuna
Pork
Enriched Cereal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pellagra
Skin Rash
Depression
Apathy
Fatigue
Memory Loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blushing
Sweating
Headaches
Hives
Blurred Vision |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin can be created by the amino acid tryptophan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liver
Lentils
Beans
Spinach
Asparagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
New Cell Synthesis
Synthesize DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anemia
Smooth Tongue
Depression
Confusion
Neural Tube Defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Pernicious Anemia? |
|
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Lack of intrinsic factor
Characterized by large, immature red cells
Damage to nerve system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liver
Sardines
Steak
Tuna
Cheese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
New Cell Synthesis
Maintain Nerve Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
Nerve Damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liver
Potatoes
Spinach
Banana
Chicken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amino Acid/Fatty Acid Metabolism
Converts Tryptophan to Niacin & Serotonin
Helps Make Hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anemia
Depression
Confusion
Abnormal Brain Waves
Convulsions
Greasy-Scaly Dermatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depression
Fatigue
Impaired Memory
Irritability
Nerve Damage
Muscle Weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sardines
Dairy
Tofu
Waffles
Broccoli
Turnips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bones & Teeth
Muscle Contraction/Relaxation
Blood Clotting
Nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stunted Growth, Weak Bones, Bone Loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Constipation
Kidney Stones
Hinder Other Mineral Absorption |
|
|
Term
| Food Sources of Phosphorus |
|
Definition
Cheese
Salmon
Milk
Steak
Navy Beans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bones & Teeth
Part of Phospholipids
DNA
Energy Metabolism
Buffering Systems |
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies of Phosphorus |
|
Definition
Muscular Weakness
Bone Pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcification of Soft Tissues |
|
|
Term
| Food Sources of Vitamin K |
|
Definition
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Canola Oil
Spinach
Greens
Soybeans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clots Blood
Build Bone Protein |
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies of Vitamin K |
|
Definition
Hemorrhage
Abnormal Bone Formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jaundice
Counteracts Anti-Clotting Medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food Sources of Lipoic Acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antioxidants
Glucose Metabolism
Insulin Resistance Decreaser |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
19-50 yr 1000mg
>51yr 1200mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can Riboflavin be destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
19-50yr 5ug
51-70yr 10ug
>70yr 15ug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential mineral nutrients required in the diet in amounts less than 100mg/day. Microminerals |
|
|
Term
| The most abundant mineral in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second most abundant mineral in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adult Bone Loss
Bones Become Fragile and Porous
Easily Broken
Hard Bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chief Crystal of Bone
Formed From Calcium and Phosphorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Softening of Long Bones
Caused by Depletion of Bone Stores of Calcium & Phosphorus
Soft Bones |
|
|
Term
| Where is almost all of calcium stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do calcium phosphate salts crystalize with to form a foundation for bone formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crystal of Bones and Teeth
Formed when Fluoride Displaces the hydroxy Portion
It resists being dissolved back into body fluid |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Calcium in the body fluids |
|
Definition
Regulates transport of ions across cell membrane
Nerve transmission
Maintain blood pressure
Blood Clotting
Muscle Contraction/Heartbeat
Secretions of Hormones, Digestive Enzymes, Neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| What serves as a bank for calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is most of the Phosphorus stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of Phosphorus in the body |
|
Definition
Maintain acid-base balance of cellular fluids
Essential for growth and renewal of tissues
Energy in Metabolism
Extract Energy From Nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Why do most Americans diets not have deficiencies in Phosphorus? |
|
Definition
| It is added to dark colas as a preservative |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin can be synthesized in the G.I. tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most Calcium absorption occur? |
|
Definition
| Duodenum of Small Intestine |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin helps absorb Calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spongy Porous Bone
Supports Cortical Bone
More Easily Broken Down to use in the Body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outside Part of Bones
Hard Bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Building Blocks of Protein
Amine Group at One End
Acid Group at the Other
Distinctive Side Chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrogen containing portion of amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unique chemical structure attached to backbone of each amino acid that makes them different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bond that connects amino acids to each other
Forms link in protein chains |
|
|
Term
| What is the second most plentiful structure in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the 9 Essential Amino Acids?
PVT TIM H(A)LL |
|
Definition
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Lysine
Leucine |
|
|
Term
| Where are amino acids stored in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Complementary Proteins? |
|
Definition
Two or More Food Proteins Combined Together to Form Complete Proteins
EX: Grains & Cheese |
|
|
Term
| What 4 elements make up Proteins? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon |
|
|
Term
| What element do some proteins contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are recycled amino acids used for? |
|
Definition
Build New Proteins/Compounds
Be Catabolized for Energy in Body, If Lack glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provide Structure to Cells
Muscle Contraction
Enzymes Reaction
Antibodies
Transport Vehicles (Lipoproteins)
Hormones (Messengers)
Cellular Pumps
Oxygen Carriers |
|
|
Term
| What structures do proteins make up? |
|
Definition
Tendons
Ligaments
Scar Tissue
Fibers of Muscles
Bone & Teeth
Hair & Nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that defend against foreign proteins and substances that get in body fluid compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of a peptide bond between 2 amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does protein digestion start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can proteins be denatured? |
|
Definition
Heat
Radiation
Alcohol
Acids
Bases
Salts of Heavy Metal |
|
|
Term
| Where are amino acids absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What denatures proteins in the stomach during digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attacks peptide bonds in the stomach during digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the stomach enzymes do to the protein during digestion? |
|
Definition
| Splits Proteins into Polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein Fragments of Many Amino Acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein Fragments of Three Amino Acids |
|
|
Term
| What happens to proteins in the small intestine during digestion? |
|
Definition
Pancreas & Intestine Enzymes Split Peptide Strands into tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids
Then split amino acids to be absorbed into blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What happens to proteins once absorbed into bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Transported to all body cells |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in the stomach breaks down protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Globular Protein found in red blood cells
Made of 4 associated protein strands
Each contain iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is protein turnover? |
|
Definition
| Continuous Breakdown/Synthesis of Body Proteins involving recycling amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Protein Turnover |
|
Definition
Grow New Cells
Replace Worn-out Ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has Inappropriate Amino Acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical Messenger (Sleepy, Happy)
Vasoconstrictor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat and Cholesterol Transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conversion rate of pounds to kilograms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the sequence of amino acids determined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you need for protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
All Essential Amino Acids
Adequate Supply of Protein
Adequate Energy (Carbs & Fat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Edema
Patchy Skin
Distended Stomach
Hair Loss
Decreased Appetite
Growth Failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein & Calorie Deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin and Bone
Stop Growth
Poor Absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speeds up reaction that will happen anyway |
|
|
