Term
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Definition
| What is made up of a carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is composed of a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an unique side chain usually labeled as a R group? |
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Term
| The R group on the amnio acid |
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Definition
| What gives an amino acid its function? |
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Term
| 20 total different amino acids in humans |
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Definition
| How many different amino acids are in the human body? |
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Term
| There are 9 essential (indispensable) amino acids in humans: PVT TIM HaLL, the body can not synthesize them so it must come from the diet |
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Definition
| How many essential amino acids are in humans and what does that mean? |
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Term
| The 9 essential amino acids are: PVT TIM HaLL; phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine leucine, and lysine |
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Definition
| Name the 9 essential amino acids. |
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Term
| There are 11 non-essential (dispensable) amino acids; they can be synthesized by human, not needed from the diet to remain healthy |
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Definition
| How many non-essential amino acids are there? |
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Term
| There are 6 conditionally essential amino acids. This means that these ammino acids may become essential under certain circumstances |
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Definition
| How many amino acids are considered "conditionally essential"? What does that term mean? |
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Term
| Two examples of "conditionally essential" are tyrosine and glutamine |
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Definition
| List two important examples of conditionally essential amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| People with PKU lack the enzyme to convert phenylalanine to _____ so it must be supplied to the diet. ____ must be controlled to prevent build up. Aspartame contains the second blank. (artificial sweeteners) If not controlled, can cause severe mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the 6 conditionally essential amoino acids. Is the major fuel in rapidly dividing cells. It is normally dispensable; but can become essential with trama |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids are held together by ___ ___ |
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Term
| Carboxyl, amino, condensation reaction, release of a water molecule, aka dehydration reaction |
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Definition
| A peptide bond forms between amino acids when the ___ group of one amino acid forms a bond with the ___ group of another amino acid. This creates a ____ ____ which is the ___ of a water molecule. |
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Term
| Amino group, Carboxyl group |
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Definition
| One end of a peptide chain of amino acids will have a free ___ ___ while the other end will have a free ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| The free amino group on a peptide chain is also known as the __-___, while the free carboxyl group is also known as the ___-___. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3D-conformation is required for protein ____ |
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Term
| Primary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| The linear sequence of attached amino acids is known as the ___ ___. |
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Term
| Secondary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| These are the specific shapes in proteins formed by the intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. Can be in the form of alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets |
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Term
| Tertiary Structure of proteins |
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Definition
| What structure of proteins is responsible for the overall 3D conformation resulting from intra-molecular interactions |
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Term
| Quaternary Structure of proteins |
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Definition
| This type of protein structure is of 2 or more tertiary structures linked by inter-molecular interactions. |
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Term
| The polar and non-polar groups, the electrically charged groups, the acidic and basic groups are responsible for the characteristics that contribute to the function of a protein. An example of this would be a hydrophobic pocket created by non-polar groups tucked inside the protein. |
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Definition
| The side chain (R) groups in amino acids have characteristics that contribute to the function of the protein. What are the 3 characteristics? |
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Term
| This is known as the "denaturing" of a tertiary protein. As it unravels it will "lose" its function. This "increases" access for digestive enzymes to reach "peptide" bonds tucked inside the 3D conformation. An example of this would be the heating of an egg white; becomes opaque; albumin in this case does not refold when cooled |
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Definition
| This is also known as the unfolding of a protein; not digestion! Heat or acid will prevent weak molecular interactions holding the 3D conformation of a protein together. As it unravels, it will ___ function. This ___ access for digestive enzymes to reach ___ bonds tucked inside the 3D conformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ aka unwinding of a protein begins with cooking. |
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Term
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Definition
| When protein enter the stomach, ___ denatures protein, as well as activating pepsinogen converting it into ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| As protein begins to enter into the small intestine, ___ & ___ are released into the bloodstream from the duodenal mucosa which stimulates the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pancreas releases ___ to increase pH for necessary enzyme activity. It then releases ___ which are enzymes that digest protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ ____ hydrolyze polypeptides into short peptides & amino acids |
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Term
| Endo-peptidases. The 3 are: Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. |
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Definition
| ___-___ break interior peptide bonds. They are all released by the pancreas. List the 3 that are released into the lumen. |
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Term
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Definition
| __-___ break peptide bonds at the ends of the polpeptide chain. There are two of them, one is released from the pancreas into the lumen, and the other is a brush border enzyme. |
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Term
| Carboxy-peptidases chop away at the peptide bonds at the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| A type of exo-peptidase that is released into the lumen of the small intestine by the pancreas. They chop away at peptide bonds at the __-terminus |
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Term
| Amino-peptidases chop away at the peptide bonds at the N-terminus |
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Definition
| This type of exo-peptidase is a brush border enzyme that chops away peptide bonds at the ___-terminus. |
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Term
| Carboxyl peptidases and Amino-peptidases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most proteases are secreted from the cells into the lumen of the GI-tract as pro-enzymes or ____ |
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Term
| prevents digestion. 3 zymogens are pepsinogen, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen. |
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Definition
| Zymogens are activated once they are secreted into the lumen, this prevents ___ of the secretory cell. Name 3 of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is activated by the enteropeptidases on brush border of the small intestine. This is a type of zymogen. Is activated into ___ |
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Term
| Chymotrypsinogen, chymotrypsin |
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Definition
| ___ is activated by the cleaving with trypsin. This is a type of zymogen. Is activated into ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorptive cells are located in the __ ___ |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Single amino acids, di-peptides, & tri-peptides are absorbed by ___ __ __ on apical surface of small intestine |
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Term
| Intracellular peptidase enzymes |
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Definition
| Any short peptides are digested to single amino acids by |
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Term
| basolateral surface by facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| Only single amino acids are transported across the ___ surface by ___ ____ |
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Term
| "leaky" GI tracts, anitbodies |
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Definition
| Intact proteins are rarely absorbed, a few exceptions include newborns with "___" ___ ___. Intake of ___ from mother's milk contributes to immune function of the infant. |
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Term
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Definition
| In transport, amino acids (i.e. water soluble molecules) enter the ___ ___ and travel to the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids once in the liver, are transported into ___. |
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Term
| oxidized, synthesis, glucose, fat |
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Definition
| Once amino acids are in the hepatocytes, they are either ___ for energy (depending on need), used for protein ___, converted to ___, or ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| When blood glucose levels are low the liver can use amino acids and convert them into glucose, this process is known as ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is an excess of energy intake, the liver converts the excess amino acids into fat for storage, this process is known as ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once liver has sent out amino acids into the blood stream for other cells, multiple types of transporters are needed to get the 20 different amino acids into the cells. Once in the cells, they are either, ___ for energy if needed, or used for protein ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Dietary ___ contributes to amino acid pool in the cells following digestion and absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlike glucose and fatty acids, amino acids do not have ___ ___, they are only "___" in the form of functional protiens |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acid pool is used for ___ ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| The amino acid pool is directed by ___ ___ based on demand; not amino acid supply |
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Term
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Definition
| All protiens have a turnover rate at which that are __ & ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids are added back to the pool during __ __ |
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Term
| dietary intake & protein turnover |
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Definition
| The size of the amino acid pool is closely regulated. Excess amino acids are added to the pool from ___ ___ & ___ ___ are degraded. |
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Term
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Definition
| When amino acid pool becomes limited, ___ are degraded to replenish it. |
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Term
| Protein turnover, adapt, synthesize or break down |
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Definition
| __ ___ is the breakdown, rebuilding, and repair of proteins that allow cells to ___ to changes. This allows cells to ___ or ___ proteins when needs change. |
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Term
| nitrogen containing amino |
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Definition
| In amino acid degradation, ___ containing ___ group is removed leaving the carbon skeleton |
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Term
| oxidized, glucose (aka gluconeogenesis), or fatty acids (aka lipogenesis), non-protein |
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Definition
| In amino acid degradation, the carbon skeleton is either, ___-based on need, converted to ___, or ___ ___, or used for synthesis of __-__ molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| During nitrogen excretion, most nitrogen is excreted in the urine as "___" |
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Term
| deamination, amino , ammonia (NH3), urea |
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Definition
| During nitrogen excretion, __ happens mostly in the liver. This removes the ___ group and converted in ___ which is highly toxic. Because of this, it is rapidly converted into ___ in the urea cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| In nitrogen excretion, urea is transported in the ___ and filtered by the ___, and then excreted as ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| When an amino group from one amino acid can be transferred to another compound this is known as "___" |
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Term
| used or degraded, amino acid synthesis |
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Definition
| During transamination, the carbon skeletal from the original amino acid can be ___ or ___. The transferring of the amino group creates a different amino acid. This is a form of ___ ___ __. Not the same as protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the amount of nitrogen ingested versus the amount lost in urine, feces, hair, and skin |
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Term
| Net zero nitrogen balance |
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Definition
| Intake of nitrogen = output of nitrogen is known as ___ ___ ___ ____ |
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Term
| Positive nitrogen balance, 3 examples of this are infancy (period of growth), pregnancy, and extreme athletes |
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Definition
| When nitrogen intake exceeds the output of nitrogen this is known as ___ ____ ___. List 3 examples where this would take place. |
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Term
| Negative nitrogen balance, 3 examples of this are malnutrition/ starvation, stress or illness |
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Definition
| When nitrogen output exceeds nitrogen intake this is known as ___ ___ ___. List 3 examples where this would take place. |
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Term
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Definition
| During a ___ state, the equilibrium shifts toward a catabolic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| During a fasting state, amino acids are mobilized for ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| During a fasting state, the carbon skeleton of an amino acid is used for _____ |
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Term
| exceeds; negative nitrogen balance |
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Definition
| During a fasting state the nitrogen excretion ___ input: this is known as ____ ___ ___ (which is temporary) |
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Term
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Definition
| During a fed state, equilibrium shifts towards an ____ state |
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Term
| Protein synthesis, degraded |
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Definition
| During a fed state, amino acids are used for ___ ___; excess amino acids are ____ |
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Term
| exceeds; positive nitrogen balance |
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Definition
| During a fed state, nitrogen intake ___ excretion: this is known as ___ ___ ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| In healthy individuals with adequate protein consumption, 24 hr nitrogen intake and excretion should be ___ this is known as ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| In healthy individuals with adequate protein consumption, there are some periods of positive nitrogen balance during ___ and periods of negative nitrogen balance during ___ ___. High nitrogen intake results in a high output to balance it. |
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Term
| 16%, 6.25, hospital or research enviroments |
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Definition
| During nitrogen balance assessment, nitrogen makes up ___% of the weight of most proteins. Nitrogen(g) X ____ (a #) = protein (g). This measurement is only practical in ___ or ___ enviroments |
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Term
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Definition
| For nitrogen balance assessment, it is more convenient to estimate protein needs based on ____. |
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Term
| about 10g of nitrogen, 10g of nitrogen X 6.25= 62.5 g of protein or another way to put it is 62.5g/6.25= 10g of nitrogen |
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Definition
| An example of nitrogen intake would be a dietary intake of 62.5g of protein would equal how much nitrogen? |
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Term
| urine, feces, hair, skin, & perspiration |
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Definition
| Nitrogen is lost through ___ , ___, ___, ___, & ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to access how much nitrogen loss there is Urinary urea nitrogen (g/day) + __g(fudge factor= feces, sweat, skin, hair) |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ balance is when the body is in anabolic state = the net gain of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ balance is when the body is in catabolic state - the net loss of protein |
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Term
| uncoil, single- stranded mRNA |
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during transcription, DNA ___, then a complementary ___-___ ___ is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during transcription, the primary mRNA transcript undergoes processing in the nucleus to remove ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during transcription, mRNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ____ in the _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during translation, the synthesis of a ____ by the ribosome goes by the information coded according to the mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during translation, synthesis starts with ___ and continues until a ___ ___ is reached. |
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Term
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during translation, amino acids are added sequentially according to ___ transcript by ____ |
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Term
| polypeptide, mRNA, polypeptide |
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Definition
| In protein synthesis during translation, when the synthesis of polypeptide is complete, the ____ and ___ are released, the ____ then twists and folds into a complex 3D structure |
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Term
| high quality, 9 essential amino acids, animal |
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Definition
| In amino acid composition, a complete protein is considered ___ ___ and has sufficient amounts of all ___ ___ ___ ___ to support protein synthesis in the body. Good sources would come from ____ proteins, with the exception of gelatin. |
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Term
| incomplete proteins , plant |
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Definition
| In amino acid composition, ___ ___ are lacking at least 1 of the 9 essential amino acids. These sources come from all __ proteins, with the exception of soy protein |
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Term
| limiting, shortest supply, lowest |
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Definition
| In amino acid composition, a ___ amino acid is the one amino acid that is in ___ ___ during protein synthesis. Also the amino acid in the ___ quantity when evaluating protein quality. Also known as the chemical score of amino acids |
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Term
| methionine and tryptophan, lysine |
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Definition
| In Legumes, the limiting amino acids are ___ & ___. In nuts, seeds and grains the limiting amino acid is ___ |
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Term
| complementary proteins, Mixed |
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Definition
| In amino acid composistion, ___ ___ is a combination of various sources of low-quality proteins to supply all 9 essential amino acids. An example of this would be pairing legumes with grains, nuts or seeds. ____ diets generally provide high quality protein. Do not need to be in the same meal, but in the same day. |
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Term
| high, low, animal protein |
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Definition
| In amino acid composition with complementary proteins, mixing ___-quality protein with ___-quality protein provides all essential amino acids. Example would be cereal with milk provides complementary proteins. This is important for people who consume little to no ____ ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In evaluating protein quality, the chemical score is also called ___ ___ ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| In evaluating protein quality, the ___ ___ compares the amino acid composition of a food with a reference pattern (amino acid requirement of a 1-3 yr old) or reference protein (egg white) |
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Term
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Definition
| In evaluating protein quality, the chemical score is found when the amount of essential amino acid in test food divided by the amount of amino acid in ____. The range is from ___-____. |
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Term
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Definition
| An example of evaluating protein quality in a chemical score is when a food contains 65% lysine compared to reference: chemical score = ____. Sometimes expressed as percentage by multiplying by 100. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amino acid with the lowest score which is the smallest amount relative to amino acid in reference is the ___ amino acid. The chemical score of the food protein= ___ score of limiting amino acid |
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Term
| Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) |
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Definition
| __ __ __ measures amino acid composition and accounts for digestibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| In protein efficiency ratio (PER) a comparison is weight ____ by growing animals fed a test protein with those fed a high quality reference protein (ie. casein) |
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Term
| test protein, composition, digestibility, availability |
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Definition
| protein efficiency ratio (PER) is used to measure how well the body can use the ___ ___. Depends on amino acid ___, ___ and ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) is used to assess protein quality of ___ ___; required |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is the measure of how efficiently an absorbed food protein is converted to body tissue protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological value is determined by comparing nitrogen ___ in the body to nitrogen ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher BV's (biological values) result when ___ amino acid composition is similar to ___ amino acid composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen retained/nitrogen absorbed X 100 = ___ ___ |
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Term
| Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) |
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Definition
| Weigh gain is grams/ protein intake in grams = __ __ __ |
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Term
| Protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores, protein quality |
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Definition
| PDCAAS is known as __ __ __ __ __ __, FDA recognizes PDCAAS as the official method for measuring ___ ___. Ranges from 0-1 |
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Term
| amino acid, amino acid, digestible food |
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Definition
| PDCAAS is a measure of protein quality that takes into account the ___ ___ composition of the food and the digestibility of the protein. It is calculated by multiplying the __ ___ score by the percentage of the ____ ___ protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| An example of calculating PDCAAS would be a chemical score of .70 X a digestibility score of 80% = ___ PDCAAS |
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Term
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Definition
| If %DV is listed on food label, it must be based on ______. %DV would be different for different. Rarely reported due to expense. |
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Term
| 0.8g/kg/d based on healthy weight , 0.8-2.0g/kg |
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Definition
| What is the recommended protein intake (RDA)? Does not account for protein requirements for illness or injury of for highly trained athletes which is between ___-___g/kg |
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Term
| stored, energy needs, stored as fat |
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Definition
| Excess amino acids can not be ___, carbon skeletons are used to meet ___ ___ or ____ as ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Average RDA for men is ___g/day, for women is __g/day. AMDR for proten is ___-___% of total kcal/day |
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Term
| Usually costs less than animal protein, no cholesterol, little fat, rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber |
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Definition
| What are the benefits of plant protein? |
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