Term
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Definition
| purine or pyrimidine covalently bonded to a sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleoside to which 1-3 phosphate groups are covalently bonded |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymer of nucleotides covalently liked by phosphodiester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| (DNA) double stranded nucleic acid composed of repeating nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| (RNA) Single stranded nuclein acid found in every living cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded section of DNA that codes for proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| liner, double stranded, carry all of an organisms genetic information. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all biochemical reactions that occur within a cell. |
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Term
| Chemical Components of Nucleotides |
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Definition
* Pentose Sugar
* 1-3 Phosphate Groups
* Nitrogenoous base |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine, Guanine Thymine & Cytosine
Pentose Sugar - Deoxyribose
Phosphate Groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the DNA base sequence in a gene. can result from substitutions, insertions or deletions. |
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Term
| How can mutations affect a protein? |
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Definition
1) No effect
2) Diminished or complete loss of protein function.
3) Creation of a new function |
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Term
|
Definition
Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
Pentose sugar - Ribose
Phosphate Groups |
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Term
|
Definition
single stranded
complementary paired bases:
Adenine - Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries genetic information for a protein from DNA to the ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the "platforms" where protein synthesis occurs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| delivers the correct amino acid to the ribosome to be incorporated into a new protein |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA->RNA The process in which a gene is a template for the creating of RNA.
Occurs in the cell nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
mRNA->Protein
the process where mRNA is used to create a protein.
Occurs in cytolplasm on ribosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The three base sequences that encode a single amino acid |
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Term
|
Definition
process by which DNA is copied, basis for biological inheritance.
Occurs in the nucleus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymer of amino acids covalently joined by peptide bonds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group on another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ion that has both a positive and a negative charge. formed as the amino group is protonated and the carboxyl group is dissociated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the organized structure of a protein is disrupted. Results in loss of function. |
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Term
| Acute Phase Reactants (APR) |
|
Definition
| proteins whose concentrations change after trauma, burns, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| precipitate or gel whens erum is cooled, but re dissove when it is warmed. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Elements contained in all proteins |
|
Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrophobic or hydrophillic, a variable group of atoms attatched to every amino acid. |
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Term
| Primary Structure of Proteins |
|
Definition
| linear sequence of amino acids, held together by polypeptide bonds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| folding of the primary structure. cause principally by hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| additonal folding of the secondary structure, places hydrophobic AA on the inside and hydrophillic on the outside. |
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Term
|
Definition
| overall 3-D folding of 2 or more polypeptides. |
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Term
|
Definition
compact, spherical structures, generably soluble in salt, most proteins in body.
I.E. albumin, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and hemoglobin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| relatively long, generably insoluable in salt, represent structural protiens, I.E. Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Actin, Myosin |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Antibodies
2) Catalyze biochemical reactions
3) Transport molecules
4) regulatory roles
5) structure
6) movement
7) nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxygen carrying protein found in RBCs, contains 4 heme groups and 4 polypeptides. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gas Transport
Acid Base Balance |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Protoporphyrin IX ring, and Ferrous Ion |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Aminoeleluniv acid (ALA) Synthase |
|
Definition
| catalyzes the initial step, heme inhibits this enzyme. |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits all steps in porphyrin synthesis by denaturation |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in muscle tissue, reserve supply of O2. contains one polypeptide and one protoporphyrin ring. |
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Term
| What are the factors affecting Oxygen Transport? |
|
Definition
| Partial PRessure of Oxygen, PH, Temperature, 2,3-DPG |
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|
Term
| How does decreased P50 affect O transport? |
|
Definition
| shift to the left, and an impaired oxygen release to tissues |
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|
Term
| How does an increased P50 affect O transport? |
|
Definition
| shift to the right, eases the delivery of oxygen to tissues. |
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|
Term
| How does Increasded blood acidity affect O transport? |
|
Definition
| decrease PH, shift to the right, lowering of affinity for O2 |
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|
Term
| How does decreased blood acidity afftect O transport? |
|
Definition
| increased PH, shift to the left, increase affinity for O2 |
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|
Term
| How does temp increase affect O transport? |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin more readily releases O2, shift to the right. |
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|
Term
| How does temp decrease affect O transport? |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin less readily releases O2, shift to the left. |
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|
Term
| 2,3-DPG is significant because? |
|
Definition
| essential in enabling the unload of O2 and it is the most important factor that affects O2 transport. |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 forms of normal Hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
1) Normal Hb A
2) Normal Variant Hb A2
3) Normal Variant Hb A1c
4) Fetal Hb F |
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|
Term
| Why is Hb A1c Significant? |
|
Definition
| the concentrations serve as an indicator for prolonged high glucose concentrations, used to monitor diabetics |
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Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown product of the normal heme catabolism. |
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|
Term
| What happens to Iron during heme catabolism? |
|
Definition
| iron is recycled, by being released from the heme and then returned to the plasma, then it is carried to the bone marrow. |
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|
Term
| What are the factors that denature proteins? |
|
Definition
| Heat, organic solvents (Alcohol), Detergents, salting out, pH changes, HEavy metals, mechanical stress |
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|
Term
| How does heat denature proteins? |
|
Definition
| as temp increases, molecular motion inceases, bonds are disrupted. |
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Term
|
Definition
| yield only amino acids when hydrolyzed. I.E. albumin, insulin, fibrinogen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| yield amino acids, and a non protein substance upon hydrolysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| covalently linked carbohydrate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| covalently linked phosphate groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| covalently linked lipids, like cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipids. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contain ions and are often colored. I.E. chlorophyll and hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| isoleucin, leucin, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
|
|
Term
| Liver uses amino acids, for: |
|
Definition
| Growth, maitenence, repair, enzyme production, albumin, lipoproteins. |
|
|
Term
| Where are immunoglobulins produced? |
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes that originate in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Where are plasma proteins synthesized? |
|
Definition
| in the liver, circulate the blood stream. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tryptophan rich tetrameric glycoprotein, mainly synthesized in the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carrier for thyroid hormones, and Vitamin A. Used to assess the patients nutritional state. |
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|
Term
| Clinical Significance of Prealbumin |
|
Definition
| decreases in liver disease, increases with steroid use, pregnancy and chronic renal disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| immunoglobulins. produced in response to an antigen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| substance that stimulates antibody formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) |
|
Definition
| genetic deficiency in the enzyme that degrades the branched chain amino acids; branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase |
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|
Term
| Causes of Hypoproteinemia |
|
Definition
- starvation
- excess loss in urine
- chronic liver disease
- inflammatory conditions
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|
|
Term
| Causes of Hyperproteinemia |
|
Definition
- dehydration
- increased synthesis of gamma globulins
- measurement of unexpected protein (caused primarily by lab error)
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
Porphyrinuria - excessive excretion in urine
Porphyrinemia - presence of porphyrin in the plasma or serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hereditary - genetic disorders from impaired activeity of enzymes
Acquired - more common; lead poisoning, renal failure, iron deficiency, liver disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cutaneous porphyria that presents itself with exposure to light. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| disease state from globin genetic mutations that result in little globin protein being produced. It affects Hbs O transport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hb S sickled RBC, most common type of abnormal Hemoglobin, results from single mutation of the B globin.
can be life threatening. |
|
|
Term
| Carbaminohemoglobin (CO2Hb) |
|
Definition
compound of CO2 and Hb.
about 10-20% of co2 binds to globin, forming this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin where the iron molecule is oxidized to Fe+3 which cannot bind oxygen. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
green pigmented compund of hydrogen sulfide and Hb.
irreversible oxidation, sometimes after exposer to TNT, or sulfur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by the binding of CO to heme.
normally .2-.8% smokers up to 10%. Co poisoning exhibits cherry red color. |
|
|
Term
| Cryoglobulin Clinical Significance |
|
Definition
| seem in myeloma, macroglobulinemia, autoimmune diseases like, rheumatoid arthritis, & SLE |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Immunoglobulins |
|
Definition
- neutralize toxic substances
- aid phagocytosis
- kill pathogens
- combine with antigens and destroy cells
|
|
|
Term
| 5 classes of Immunoglobulins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant diseases caused by the presence of neoplastic plasma in bone and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| How are Bence-Jones Proteins analyzed? |
|
Definition
Heating urine to 40-60C, they will precipitate while others remain in solution. at 100C proteins will redissolve.
Cooling reverses this. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| APR, most sensitve indicator of inflammation, rises about 8 hours after onset, increases in all bacterial infections, rarely with viral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| APR concentrations increase in hypoalbuminemia states like nephrotic syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| APR carries 90% of the copper in plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may protect the body from proteolysis by proteases released from leukocytes and macrophages. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential blood clotting protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Early components of the complement system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transport protein for iron. decrease seen in inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Levels may decrease to divert protein production away from the liver and towards the components increasing for inflammatory response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decrease related to protein malnutrition |
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