Term
| Why is water so important for protein function? |
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Definition
2 general facets of water are crucially important for proteins:
Hydrogen Bonding
Can be product or reactant in metabolic reactions |
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Term
| What is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are proton ACCEPTORS |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pKa of an acid mean? |
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Definition
The pKa is the pH at which protonated and unprotenated species of the acid exist at equal levels.
lower pKa indicates a stronger acid |
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Term
| What is the name for solutions capable of withstanding small changes in acid or base concentration while still maintaining a consistent pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What range constitutes optimal buffering? |
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Definition
| +/- 1 pH unit from the pKa value of the buffer |
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Term
| What is calculated to derive pKa values and buffering capacities? |
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Definition
| titration curves are used to derive this information |
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Term
| What are the three main buffering systems for maintaining physiologic pH? |
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Definition
phosphate buffering
bicarbonate buffering
buffering by proteins |
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Term
| Is physiologic pH universal throughout the body? |
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Definition
| No, pH ranges dependent on the system within the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Underlying condition of hydrogen ion retention or loss of bases in the system |
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Term
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Definition
| When blood pH drops below the normal range (<7.35) |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which blood pH has risen above the normal range (>7.45) |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which hydrogen ions are being lost or bases are being retained in the system |
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Term
| What is metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
Serum HCO3- below normal levels
many causes:
increased acid production
acid ingestion
decreased renal acid excretion
GI or Renal HCO3- |
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Term
| What is metabolic alkalosis? |
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Definition
| Serum HCO3- above normal levels (24 mEq/L) |
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Term
| What is respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
When PCO2 is above normal range (>40mmHG)
caused by decreased ventilation |
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Term
| What is respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
When PC02 is below normal range (<40mmHG)
caused by increased ventilation |
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Term
| Keto-acidosis is an example of what kind of acidosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the building blocks of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general framework of an amino acid? |
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Definition
Central carbon connected to:
R: side chain
H: Hydrogen
Carboxy: COOH group
Amine: NH2 group |
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Term
| What are the three major groups of amino acids? |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic (nonpolar), Uncharged Hydrophillic (polar), Charged Hydrophillic (polar) |
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Term
| What are the hydrophic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Gly, Ala, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, and Val |
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Term
| What amino acids are increased in maple syrup urine disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amino acid implicated in phenylketonuria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is increased in hepatic coma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the precursor of seratonin, niacin, and melatonin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the uncharged hydrophillic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Cys, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, and Gln |
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Term
| What is the precursor of chatecholamines, melanin, and thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid is formed by hydrolyzing Phe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid is used to treat leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most abundant amino acid. It is also a primary carrier of ammonia. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the charged hydrophillic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Lys, Arg, His, Asp, and Glu |
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Term
| Which amino acid is ketogenic? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What amino acids stimulate growth hormone and insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an effective physiologic buffer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid forms oxaloacetate by transamination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid forms alpha-ketoglutarate by transamination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pKa's does an amino acid have? |
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Definition
| 2-3 depending on the side chain |
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Term
| What are the two pKa ranges that all amino acids share? |
|
Definition
Carboxyl: 1.8-2.4
Amino: 8-11 |
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Term
| What is the isoelectric point? (pl) |
|
Definition
| pH value at which the molecule has a net zero charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dipolar ion. Amino Acids exists as these |
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Term
| How do hydrophobicity values work? |
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Definition
The more positive the number, the more hydrophobic
The more negative the number the more hydrophillic |
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Term
| What is the distinction of essential amino acids versus the other 10? |
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Definition
| Essential must be supplied in the diet. The rest are synthesized in the body |
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Term
| What are the 10 essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| Phe, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Met, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine |
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Term
| All amino acids except G are _____ molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation machinery uses what enantiomer? |
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Definition
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