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Protein and Oilseed Crops: Quiz 8
University of Guelph CROP*3310
235
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
12/03/2015

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Term
8570
Definition
An XCEED Canola variety of Brassica juncea canola. Clearfield tolerant.
Term
8571
Definition
An XCEED Canola variety of Brassica juncea canola. Clearfield tolerant.
Term
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)
Definition
Performed breeding programs to create Brassica juncea canola.
Term
Agrium
Definition
Bought Viterra, which includes Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. This was the reason Brassica juncea was an unsuccessful breeding program.
Term
Alberta
Definition
Grows chickpeas. Soils are perfect and disease is low.
Term
Alfalfa looper
Definition
An insect pest in chickpeas. Avoided by planting early so that the crop is mature when they begin to feed.
Term
Alternaria
Definition
A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. Control with seed treatment, fungicide at 20% - 30% bloom, and management
Term
Ambush
Definition

Permethrin

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Anthracnose
Definition
A disease which affects lentils. One variety of green lentils, and four varieties of red lentils are resistant to race 1 of anthracnose.
Term
Apron Maxx
Definition

Fludioxinil

A general seed treatment used to control ascochyta blight in chickpeas.

Term
Arecaceae family
Definition
Palmae family. Oil palms belong to this family.
Term
Ascochyta blight
Definition

A disease which affects lentils and chickpeas. It can survive the winter on residues and can blow in from neighboring fields.

The main disease of growing lentil plants. Produces lesions on leaves, stems, pods, or seeds, tan or grey with dark margins. Damage occurs during wet weather in July and August. Seeds are discoloured, adn can severely downgrade seeds. Some varieties of green lentils, and four varieties of red lentils are resistant to ascochyta blight. Controlled with fungicides and crop rotations.

Only a few varieties of chickpeas are ranked as having "fair" resistance. Research is being done to improve this. Devastating losses up to 90% in kabuli varieties. A seed and residue-borne pathogen. Causes brown lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Spores may be washed away by rain, causing mutliple infections in one season. Controlled with cereal buffer strips, rotation, tillage, removal of residues, and/or disease-free proven seeds. Fungicides include Apron Maxx, Crown, Bravo WS, and Heritage.

Term
Aster Yellows
Definition
A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. Causes deformed bladder-like spots. Was a problem two years ago. Also affects cereals.
Term
Australia
Definition
The fifth top producer of lentils.
Term
B-90 kabuli
Definition
A variety of kabuli chickpeas.
Term
Bangladesh
Definition
Imports 8% of Canadian exports of chickpeas.
Term
Bioexx Specialty Proteins Ltd.
Definition
The only buyer of Brassica juncea canola in Saskatchewan. Produce high quality protein isolates for export (must be non-GMO). They crush it for oil at lower temperatures to prevent denaturation of proteins. They need Brassica juncea canola because it has lower chlorophyll content than Brassica napus canola.
Term
Blackleg
Definition
A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola.
Term
Botrytis
Definition

Grey mould

A disease which affects lentils, mostly green lentils, and chickpeas. Chickpeas have no resistance. Bad in cool, wet years.

Term
Brassica juncea
Definition

Brown mustard

Shatter resistant, frost tolerant, heat tolerant, drought tolerant, low-fibre, and has a yellow seed coat and improved protein composition. Used to produce Brassica juncea canola.

Term
Brassica juncea canola
Definition
A cross of Brassica juncea and Brassica napus. The F1 progeny were back-crossed to Brassica juncea repeatedly, selecting for desired canola traits. Produces canola-quality oil. Has characteristics of a mustard plant: better drought resistance and heat tolerance, less shattering. The seeds are yellow, and the plant is smaller with less canopy. Could expand the range of canol to include brown and dark brown soil zones, and to dry cropping areas in Australia. A product of a 20 year breeding program done by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. The program never came to fruition.
Term
Brassica napus
Definition

Canola

Used to produce Brassica juncea canola.

Term
Bravo WS
Definition

Clorothalonil

An in-crop fungicide used to control ascochyta blight in chickpeas. Can be applied at flowering and podding. Prevents infection for 10 - 14 days, but cannot help an already infected field.

Term
Brazil
Definition
Not a major producer of palm oil, but has the potential to be. Lacks the infrastructure. Pre-occupied with soybeans.
Term
Cabbage seedpod weevil
Definition
An insect pest in Brassica juncea canola. Lays eggs in the pods.
Term
Canada
Definition
The top producer of lentils, mostly in Saskatchewan: produced 2 million tons in 2014. The top exporter of lentils, mainly to Turkey and India: exported $873 million. Has been growing lentils for 20 years. First grew chickpeas in the 1990s: grown in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Exports chickpeas to India, the US, China, Turkey, and Bangladesh.
Term
Canada Canola Quality categories
Definition
Determinse quality in Brassica juncea canola samples. The highest grade (highest price) has less than 2% green seed, 0.1% heated, allowed to have 5% wild or brown mustard, but this last one is hard to assess since the seeds are visually identical.
Term
Carbamate
Definition
Insecticide used in lentils to control grasshoppers.
Term
CDC Disray desi
Definition
A variety of desi chickpeas.
Term
CDC Xena kabuli
Definition
A variety of kabuli chickpeas.
Term
CDC Yuma kabuli
Definition
A variety of kabuli chickpea.
Term
Central America
Definition
A major producer of palm oil.
Term
Cereal buffer strips
Definition
Used to control the spread of ascochyta blight in chickpeas.
Term
Chickpeas
Definition

Cicer arientium

Garbanzo beans

Pois chicke

Kichar

Chana

Have low dormancy and pod wounding. Large seed size and plant size: 35 - 50 cm tall. Leaves are toothed and have hairs. Flowers are white, pink, or violet, and produce a small, hairy oval-shaped pod that can have up to three seeds. Has hypogeal germination and seed nodes. Growth stages are similar to soybeans. Used for human nutrition in salads, soups, hummus, and to make Besan flour used in snacks and sweets. Beneficial to vegetarians, pregnant women, and celiac patients. Used for livestock feed: may be fed to poultry, cattle, and swine. The third most important legume crop grown worldwide.

Term
China
Definition
Imports 10% of Canadian exports of chickpeas.
Term
Cicer reticulatem
Definition

Wild chickpeas

Developed into chickpeas around 7000 BC.

Term
Citadel
Definition

Chlorpyrifos

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Clearfield-herbicide tolerant
Definition

There are two green lentil varieties and four red lentil varieties tolerant of Clearfield herbicides.

Brassica juncea canola varieties 8570 and 8571 are Clearfield-tolerant. Non-GMO and available from Viterra. Favoured in fields with heavy group 2 herbicide residues. Widens the spectrum of weeds which may be controlled with group 2 herbicides, including Clearfield.

Term
Clethodim
Definition

Select

Centurion

A herbicide used in lentils and chickpeas. In chickpeas it is used for control of annual grasses at 2 - 6 leaf stage.

Term
Columbia
Definition
Imports green lentils from Canada.
Term
Composure (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are high in fibre, vitamin B folate, iron, and protein. GLuten free. 15% protein.
Term
Composure (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are high in carbohydrates and protein. Prevent cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes.
Term
Conditions (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are indeterminate, cool-season plants with long-day growth.
Term
Conditions (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are a cool-season, dry-land crop adapted to the southern prairies. Resistant to frosts, since they can regrow from scale nodes.
Term
Conditions (oil palm)
Definition
Oil palm prefers humid, tropical locations. Mean annual temperatures above 25ºC, and minimum temperatures above 8ºC. Found in tropical forests. Some recent varieties can tolerate lower temperatures. At least 2000 hours of sunshine are needed per year for maximum growth. Rainfall should be sufficient to prevent water stress at any time in the growing season.
Term
Congo
Definition
A major producer of palm oil.
Term
Cote D'Ivoire
Definition
A major producer of palm oil.
Term
Cover crops
Definition
Used in oil palm plantations to prevent soil erosion. Often perennial tropical legumes, such as Kudzu.
Term
Crop Development Centre (CDC)
Definition
At the University of Saskatchewan.
Term
Crown
Definition
Carbathiin and thiabend-azole. A fungicide used to control seed-borne ascochyta blight.
Term
Cutworms
Definition

An insect pest in lentils and Brassica juncea canola.

In lentils it damages newly emerged crops, causing significant damage. The plant can recover from the damage, but it delays maturity. Require insecticide applications: Pounce, Perm-UP, Ambush, Lorsban, Pyrinex, Nufos, or Citadel.

In Brassica juncea canola it eats leaves and cuts stems.

Term
Dahl
Definition
An Indian dish which uses lentils. A lentil paste.
Term
Dark speckled lentils
Definition
A category of lentils. Produced in small volumes in Canada and sold to niche markets. There are three main varieties.
Term
De-hulling
Definition
A process used in lentils for human consumption.
Term
Decis 5 EC TM
Definition
An insecticide used in lentils to contorl lygus bugs.
Term
Deforestation
Definition
An issue in oil palm production. Expansion of oil palm industry has led to deforestation of tropical forests. There are proposals to expand into the Amazon Basin.
Term
Desi
Definition
A category of chickpea varieties. Smaller, dark-coloured seed with a thickened coat. Higher yield potential, more frost and insect resistant. Used to make flour de-hulled, or used whole. Adapted to dark brown soils. Includes Myles and CDC Desiray desi.
Term
Desiccation (lentils)
Definition
Desiccation reduces the time to harvest in lentils, since they continue to flower unless there is heat, drought, or N stress. Reglone or glyphosate are used.
Term
Development (chickpeas)
Definition
A new node is formed on a chickpea plant every 3 - 4 days during vegetative stages. At V1 - V2, flowers on axillary buds may be produced. Can take 45 -55 days to reach flowering.
Term
Diquat
Definition
Used as a desiccant in chickpeas at 70% moisture, to avoid green seed, and ensure even maturity.
Term
Direct combining (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are more commonly direct combined than they are swathed.
Term
Disease (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea is susceptible to all the same disease as canola and mustard: staghead, sclerotinia, blackleg, alternaria, and aster yellows.
Term
Disease (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are affected by ascochyta blight, botrytis grey mould, root rot, and sclerotinia white mould.
Term
Disease (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are affected by ascochyta blight, anthracnose, sclerotinia, botrytis, seedling blight, and root rot.
Term
Drupe
Definition
A fruit with one seed in the middle, with a fleshy mesocarp and a hard endocarp. Oil palms have drupes from which palm oil and palm kernel oil is produced.
Term
Dura
Definition
A category of oil palm varieties. Thick shelled.
Term
Durum wheat
Definition
A dryland crop used to make pasta. It is grown in rotation with chickpeas.
Term
Dwelley kabuli
Definition
A variety of kabuli chickpea.
Term
Edge granular
Definition
A herbicide used for fall burn-downs in lentils.
Term
Endocarp
Definition
The hard layer which surrounds the seed(s) of a drupe. In oil palms it surroundes 1 - 3 seeds. Palm kernel oil is derived from the endocarp of the oil palm.
Term
Farmer District Co-Operative Ltd.
Definition
A company which provides contracts for growing chickpeas.
Term
Fertility (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola has fertility needs similar to mustard or canola. Depends on soil conditions and weather.
Term
Fertility (chickpeas)
Definition
Test the soil to determine fertility needs.
Term
Fertility (lentils)
Definition
Test the soil for nutrients, and apply as needed.
Term
Flea beetle
Definition
An insect pest in Brassica juncea canola. Produces "shot-blasted" look to leaves, with holes. A purple or black ring develops around the holes.
Term
Flower blast
Definition
In lentils, caused by high temperatures during flowering. Avoid by planting as early as possible.
Term
French green lentils
Definition
A category of lentils. Produced in small volumes in Canada and sold to niche markets. There are three main varieties.
Term
Fronds
Definition
The leaves of an oil palm. Produced at a rate of 24 per year. There are 40 - 50 in the crown.
Term
Fungicide (lentils)
Definition
Used to control ascochyta blight in lentils. Allow it to dry after application before inoculating: it can kill inoculants.
Term
Glyphosate
Definition

A herbicide used for pre-harvest burn-down in lentils. Can be used as a desiccant in lentils, providing drying effect if weather is hot and dry enough.

Used for pre-planting burn-down in chickpeas. Used as a deisccant in chickpeas at 70% moisture, to avoid green seed, and ensure even maturity.

Term
Gramoxone
Definition
A herbicide used for fall burn-downs in lentils.
Term
Granular
Definition
A type of rhizobium inoculant used in chickpeas. Banded in with the seed furrow at planting.
Term
Grasshoppers
Definition

An insect pest in lentils and chickpeas.

In lentils they eat the flower buds, flowers and developing pods. Results in increased moisture, staining, and fungual damage due to premature pod-splitting. Threshold level = 2/m2. Controlled when grasshoppers are young, and require less insecticides: Pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates are used.

In chickpeas they can cause significant damage, but this is rare.

Term
Green lentils
Definition
A category of lentils. The most predominant type grown in Canada. Canada exports green lentils to Western Europe and Columbia. Plants are taller, and more susceptible to lodging, and more susceptible to botrytis in higher rainfall areas. Cannot be stored as long as red lentils: they become discoloured. Some green varieties are resistant to ascochyta blight, there are two Clearfield herbicide tolerant varieties, adn one race 1 anthracnose resistance variety.
Term
Harvest (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Direct cutting is used to harvest Brassica juncea canola, never swathing. They are more shatter resistant than canola. Swathing is done only if there is heavy weed infestation, or in high humidity areas. At 9.5% moisture. All seeds have changed colour (plant may still be green). The reel is high up. Threshing is easy. Seal all small holes in the combine. A lower fan speed is used to ensure all seeds get in the combine. Harvesting too late increases shattering loss.
Term
Harvest (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are usually harvested in September, before first frost. Harvested at 18% moisture: stiff stems, pods several inches above the ground, pods are light-brown colour. Typically the plant is still green. Sensitive to frost at maturity. Easier to straight combine than other pulses. Due to its odd shape, chickpeas are often harvested using headers with air or pick-up reels. Draper headers are becoming more common: use conveyers instead of augers. Swathed or direct combined.
Term
Harvest (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are harvested at the end of August. The cutter bar is close to the ground. Easier to harvest if the field was rolled. Slower speeds are required compared to cereal crops. Desiccation reduces the time to harvest. Swathed or straight cut.
Term
Harvest (oil palm)
Definition
Oil palm is first harvested 3 - 4 years after establishment. The plants produce continuously throughout the year, with some productivity fluctuations. Harvest takes place every 2 - 4 weeks, every week at well-established plantations. Older branches produce fruit with more pulp, more loose fruit, and more free fatty acids: it is critical to time harvest to maximize yield and quality. Hand harvested: climbing of the tree, using a pole saw, or a bucket truck.
Term
Heritage
Definition

Azoxystrabin

An in-crop fungicide used to control ascochyta blight. Can be applied at flowering and podding. Some strains of the blight are resistant to this fungicide due to overuse.

Term
Hypogeal germination
Definition
Cotyledons remain below the ground. Chickpeas have hypogeal germination.
Term
Identity-Preserved process (IP)
Definition
The crop is kept separate from any other crop, ensuring purity. Almost all Brassica juncea canola is produced this way, because the seed looks exactly like mustard seed.
Term
India
Definition
The top consumer of lentils. The second top producer of lentils. A main importer of Canadian lentils. Lentils are used to make dahl. Red lentils are preferred for cultural reasons. Imports 27% of Canadian exports of chickpeas.
Term
Indonesia
Definition
A major producer of palm oil: surpassed Malaysia in 2007. Palm oil accounts for 30% of the GDP of Indonesia. Indonesia and Malaysia produce 80% of the world's palm oil.
Term
Insects (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola is affected by similar insects as canola or mustard: flea beetles, cabbage seedpod weevil, cutworms, lygus bugs, and swede midge.
Term
Insects (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are not greatly threatened by insects. Affected by grasshoppers, alfalfa loopers, pale western cutworm, and redbacked cutworm.
Term
Insects (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are affected by grasshopppers, cutworms, and lygus bugs.
Term
Irrigation (oil palm)
Definition
Growth response to irrigation in oil palm is substantial if the season is dry, or if the water-holding capacity of the soil is insufficient.
Term
Kabuli
Definition
A category of chickpea variety. Larger, cream-coloured seed with a thin coat. 110 - 120 days to maturity. Used to make hummus, and for fresh markets. Adapted to brown soils. Seed colour is the most important quality factor: consumers prefer a very light brown colour. Includes Sanford, Dwelley, B-90, CDC Yuma, and CDC Xena kabuli.
Term
Kochia
Definition
A weed in Brassica juncea canola. A group of weeds tolerant to group 2 herbicides. Kochia is not easily controlled even in Clearfield tolerant varieties. Fields with kochia history should be avoided with Brassica juncea canola.
Term
Kudzu
Definition
A perennial tropical legume used as a cover crop on oil palm plantations.
Term
Large green lentils
Definition
Release of large green lentil varieties contributed to the rapid expansion of lentils in Canada. Most varieties belong to this category.
Term
Large lentils
Definition
A size category of lentils. Require earlier seeding, since they have later maturation.
Term
Lauric acid
Definition
12:0
Term
Lentils
Definition

Lenus culinaris L.

A 20 - 75 cm tall crop with shallow roots, 2 feet deep. 2.8 - 4.02 million tons of lentils were produced worldwide 2000 - 2007. By 2015, it was 5 million tons. Has two scale nodes, and leaves develop at the 3rd node. Leaves are 5 cm in length, with 9 - 15 leaflets per leaf. Have indeterminate growth and flower until they experience stress. 1 - 3 self-pollinating flowers form on a stalk, producing a 2.5 cm long pod containing 1 - 2 seeds.

Term
Lethbridge, Alberta
Definition
Where trials for Brassica juncea canola were performed. Yielded almost 6% better than Brassica napus during hot dry years, including 2008.
Term
Linoleic acid
Definition
18:2
Term
Linolenic acid
Definition
18:3
Term
Lontrel
Definition
A herbicide which cannot be used in Brassica juncea canola. Damage is only visible in flowering and pod-fill stages.
Term
Lorsban
Definition

Chlorpyrifos

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Lorsban 4E TM
Definition
An insecticide used in lentils to control lygus bugs.
Term
Lygus bugs
Definition

An insect pest in lentils and Brassica juncea canola.

For lentils, it is not a significant problem in Canada. Enters the field at bloom stage to feed and lay eggs. Causes chalk spots, reducing quality. Controlled with insecticides: Decis 5 EC TM, Lorsban 4E TM, and Matador 120 EC TM.

In Brassica juncea canola, it sucks juices from pods.

Term
Malaysia
Definition
Oil palm was introduced in 1870, and grown commercially by 1917. Acreage of oil palm hugely expanded in the 1960s. Vegetable oil refineries were expanded and modernized in the 1960s: exports most palm oil in processed forms. Now Malaysia grows about 2 million ha of oil palm: 1/3 of total world oil palm acreage. Malaysia and Indonesia account for 80% of world oil palm production.
Term
Marketing (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Almost all Brassica juncea canola is grown under contract or IP. Bioexx Specialty Proteins Ltd. is the only buyer in Saskatchewan. There are some European and Japanese non-GMO niche markets, and some Canadian non-GMO producers. Quality is determined by Canada Canola Quality categories.
Term
Marketing (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpea price depends on quality: penalized for green or brown seed. Current price is $515/ton. Price this year was low because of the wet summer producing low quality chickpeas. AAFC expects the price to increase to $600 - $630/ton in the next growing season due to reduced acreage and yield. Farmer District Co-operative Ltd. and Parrish & Heimbecker Ltd. Provide contracts for chickpeas.
Term
Marketing (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are 10 times the price of mustard. A list of buyers of lentils is available through the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture in Saskatchewan Special Crop Marketing Company Synopsis. Several companies provide contracts for lentils.
Term
Marketing (oil palm)
Definition
The price of palm oil is $615/ton, about twice as much the price of soybeans per hectare when yield is considered, and there are less annual establishment costs. Produces about $2400/ac*year.
Term
Matador
Definition

Lambda cyhalothrin

An insecticide used to control pale western cutworm and redbacked cutworm in chickpeas.

Term
Matador 120 EC TM
Definition
An insecticide used in lentils to control lygus bugs.
Term
Mediterranean
Definition
Imports small lentils from Canada.
Term
Medium lentils
Definition
A size category of lentils.
Term
Mesocarp
Definition
The fleshy layer of a drupe fruit surrounding the seed. In oil palms, palm oil is derived from the mesocarp.
Term
Metribuzin
Definition
A herbicide used in lentils.
Term
Milling
Definition
A process used in lentils for human consumption.
Term
Monoeicious flowers
Definition
Separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Oil palms have monoecious flowers.
Term
Myles desi
Definition
A variety of desi chickpeas.
Term
Myristic acid
Definition
14:0
Term
Nepal
Definition
The sixth top producer of lentils.
Term
Nigeria
Definition
A major producer of palm oils.
Term
Nitrogen (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea require 100/120 lbs/ac of N for 35 bu/ac yield.
Term
Nitrogen (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas can fix 60% - 80% of their own N needs. Inoculated with rhizobium, which are killed by high temperatures, sunlight, or wind. Includes peat based and granular inoculants.
Term
Nitrogen (lentils)
Definition
Lentils can fix 70% or more of their own N needs. Seed or soil must be inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum. Soil N levels above 55 kg/ha leads to delayed nodulation. N fertilizers are applied in 2 x 2 bands.
Term
Nufos
Definition

Chlorpyrifos

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Oasis
Definition
An XCEED Canola variety of Brassica juncea canola.
Term
Oil palm
Definition

Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

A member of the Arecaceae family. Has a crown of 40 - 50 fronds, produced at a rate of 24 per year. Grows for its whole life and can reach 10 m at the age of 30. Produces thousands of primary roots from the base of the stem, which produce lateral roots which often grow upwards to form dense masses of roots near the soil surface. Monoecious flowers pollinated by wind or weevils. Fruits develop from female flowers after 5 - 6 months: a drupe fruit that produces palm oil and palm kernel oil in a 9:1 ratio.

Term
Oleic acid
Definition
18:1
Term
Olein
Definition

The liquid portion of palm oil. Used to make soaps, detergents, grease, lubricants, PVC plastics, candles, cosmetics, inks, napalm, and biofuels.

Melting point = 20ºC

Term
Ontario
Definition
Lentils are not grown in Ontario because of the humidity, and disease problems. Chickpeas are not grown in Ontario because of the soil type and climate: nights are too cold and the soil does not hold heat.
Term
Organophosphates
Definition
Insecticides used in lentils to control grasshoppers.
Term
Origin (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas originated in Southeastern Turkey, 7000 BC. Developed from Cicer reticulatem.
Term
Origin (lentils)
Definition
Lentils originated in Southwestern Asia around 7000 BC.
Term
Origin (oil palm)
Definition
Oil palm originated from Western and Central Africa, near Nigeria. Domestication began prior to African plantation made in the 1910s.
Term
Pale western cutworm
Definition
An insect pest in chickpeas. Controlled with Matador.
Term
Palm kernel meal
Definition
A fibre used in some industrial processes and used in livestock feed.
Term
Palm kernel oil
Definition

Colourless oil derived from the endocarp of the oil palm drupe. Used in processed foods.

48% lauric acid, 16% myristic acid, 8% palmitic acid, 2% stearic acid, 15% oleic acid, 3% linoleic acid, and trace amounts of linolenic acid.

Term
Palm oil
Definition

Orange-red oil derived from the mesocarp of the oil palm drupe. Nine times more palm oil is produced per seed than palm kernel oil. The most-produced oil by volume in the world since 2004. It is the fastest growing industry. Development is relatively new, resulting from industrialization of Indonesia and Malaysia in the late 20th century. High prices of palm oil is interfering with the development of biodiesels. it can be refined to produce solid fats without hydrogenation. A major component of many margarines because it lacks trans fatty acids. The liquid portion is olein. Solid at room temperature. Does not ship well raw, must be processed quickly after harvest.

Trace amounts of lauric acid, 1% myristic acid, 44% palmitic acid, 5% stearic acid, 39% oleic acid, 10% linoleic acid, and trace amounts of linolenic acid. 

Term
Palmitic acid
Definition
16:0
Term
Parrish & Heimbecker Ltd.
Definition
A company which provides contracts for growing chickpeas.
Term
Peat
Definition
A type of rhizobium inoculant used in chickpeas. Applied to the seed with a sticking agent.
Term
Perm-UP
Definition

Permethrin

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Phosphorus (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola require 15 - 25 lbs/ac of P for 35 bu/ac of yield.
Term
Phosphorus (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas have phosphorus needs similar to peas and lentils.
Term
Phosphorus (lentils)
Definition
Lentils need high P levels to develop roots and nodules: 30 - 60 lbs/ac. P fertilizers are side-banded or banded mid-row.
Term
Phosphorus (oil palm)
Definition
Phosphate fertilizers are often plasced in the holes during transplanting of oil palm seedlings.
Term
Pioneer 45J10
Definition
The only hybrid Brassica juncea canola variety.
Term
Pisifera
Definition
A category of oil palm varieties. Shell-less.
Term
Plantation
Definition
An oil palm farm. Land is cleared and stumps removed. Grass weeds are eradicated mechanically and/or chemically. Soil is planted in a permanent cover crop. Seedlings are produced in nurseries from vegetative propagation. At 12 months, they are planted in an isometric pattern 160 plants/h = 8 m spacing between plants. Phosphate fertilizers are often used at planting. A weed-free area of 1 m is maintaned around all seedlings, with pathways cleared between rows. Removal of dead, lower leaves, and application of fertilizers is used if there are nutrient deficiencies.
Term
Planting (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola should be planted in a firm, well-packed seedbed for maximum seed to soil contact. Disking, following by harrowing or packing.
Term
Planting (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are planted into a firm, moist seedbed free from weeds. Plant as early as possible; chickpeas are resistant to spring frost. Can plant as soon as soil temperature is 5ºC. Seeds are fragile and must be planted carefully. Damage reduces stand and increases disease. Seeds should be tested for germination, disease, and purity by a laboratory. Do not plant into heavy residue: the ground warms to slowly, and interferes with seed placement. A conventional planter or air seeder is used.
Term
Planting (lentils)
Definition
High quality lentil seeds. Seeds are susceptible to mechanical damage especially when dry: moisturizing seeds before planting reduces injury. Plant into a firm, weed-free seedbed as early as possible: beginning of May (lentils are resistant to spring frost). Planting early avoids flower blast. Good soil moisture and temperature at planting leads to good nodulation and N fixing: inoculant dies if planted into dry soil.
Term
Potassium (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola need 60 - 120 lbs/ac of potash for 35 bu/ac yield. Usually unnecessary in some parts of Western Canada, because soils are naturally high in potassium.
Term
Potassium (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas have potassium needs similar to peas and lentils.
Term
Potassium (lentils)
Definition
In most areas where lentils are grown, soil K levels are sufficient and fertilizers are unnecessary.
Term
Pounce
Definition

Permethrin

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Pyrethroids
Definition
Insecticides used in lentils to control grasshoppers.
Term
Pyrinex
Definition

Chlorpyrifos

An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms.

Term
Red lentils
Definition
A category of lentils. Account for more than half the world's lentils. Production in Canada has increased in the past few years. Canada is the world's top exporter of red lentils. Easier to grow than green lentils, and tolerate larger functions in moisture. Seed coats are brown to pale green. Four varieties are resistant to ascochyta blight, and race 1 anthracnose. Four varieties are Clearfield herbicide tolerant.
Term
Redbacked cutworm
Definition
An inseciticde pest in chickpeas. Controlled with Matador.
Term
Reglone
Definition
A desiccant used in lentils. Applied when swathing would normally occur, or when 30% of lower pods are tan.
Term
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Definition
The rhizobium bacteria which fixes N in lentils. Can die in high temperatures, drying winds, direct sunlight, chlorinated water, or if it is inoculated into dry soil. Sensitive to fertilizers and some fungicides.
Term
Rolling (lentils)
Definition
Lentil fields are rolled to provide a smooth, level seedbed for harvest, and to prevent wind erosion. Can be done after emergence, up to 5 - 7 node stage, without significant yield loss.
Term
Root rot
Definition
A disease which affects lentils and chickpeas. Chickpeas have no resistance.
Term
Rotation (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola is anti-mycorrhizal, and susceptible to group 2 herbicides. It can kill cereal diseases, and is desirable in rotations for this reason.
Term
Rotation (chickpeas)
Definition
Do not follow chickpeas with chickpeas, or plant chickpeas next to a field where chickpeas have been grown recently, due to ascochyta blight. Do not grow more than once every 4 years. Grown in rotation with cereals such as durum wheat. Do not plant after canola, due to volunteer canola. Canola leaves little residue: planting cereals after harvest is recommended to prevent erosion.
Term
Rotation (lentils)
Definition
Rotation is important in lentils to reduce disease. Plant at most every 4 years, never downwind from other lentils. Never mix types of lentils on the same land: contamination with off-types is hard to clean. Do not plant lentils after flax, canola, or mustard, due to volunteer crop. Grow after a cereal crop (wheat or barley); cereal stubble protects the seed from wind erosion. Do not follow with canola, due to volunteer lentils.
Term
Row width (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea can be planted with a seed drill or air seeder in 7.5" rows.
Term
Row width (lentils)
Definition
Wider spacing in lentils is beneficial in high moisture regions. Too thick of a canopy can lead to poor pod set, foliar disease, and lodging.
Term
Sanford kabuli
Definition
A variety of kabuli chickpeas.
Term
Saskatchewan
Definition

Produces 96% of Canada's lentils.

Chickpeas in Canada were first grown in Saskatchewan. Produces 86.9% of Canada's chickpeas. Soils are perfect and diseaes is low.

Term
Saskatchewan Pulse Growers
Definition
Makes a list of current recommendations for chickpea varieties.
Term
Saskatchewan Special Crop Marketing Company Synopsis
Definition
Provides a list of lentil buyers.
Term
Saskatchewan Wheat Pool
Definition
Performed breeding programs to create Brassica juncea canola. A part of Viterra.
Term
Saturated fats
Definition
Found in high amounts in tropical oils.
Term
Scale nodes
Definition
The first nodes of lentils and chickpea plants. Develop below or at soil level. Allow the plant to survive early frosts or damage to leaves.
Term
Sclerotinia
Definition
A disease which affects lentils, Brassica juncea canola, and chickpeas. Chickpeas have no resistance. It is bad in cool, wet years.
Term
Seeding depth (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola is planted 0.5" deep.
Term
Seeding depth (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are planted 3.5 - 6.0 cm deep.
Term
Seeding depth (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are planted 3 - 8 cm deep.
Term
Seeding rate (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola is planted at a rate of 6 kg/ha, compared to 4 - 5 for hybrid canola. Needs more because it is smaller and less vigorous.
Term
Seeding rate (chickpeas)
Definition

Desi varieties are planted at 90 - 105 kg/ha.

Kabuli varieties are planted at 135 - 210 kg/ha.

Plant stands of 33 - 44 plants/m2 are needed for weed suppression, even maturation, and increased yields.

Term
Seeding rate (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are planted 130 plants/m2.
Term
Seedling blight
Definition
A disease which affects lentils. Can infect seedlings from germination to early flowering. Causes little economic damage, but can lead to reduced plant stand, especially in wet seasons. Controlled with rotation.
Term
Sencor
Definition

Metribuzin

A herbicide used to control broadleaves before 1 - 3 nodes are above the ground in chickpeas. Causes crop injury after this stage.

Term
Small lentils
Definition
A size category of lentils. Canada exports small lentils to the Mediterranean.
Term
Soil (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola prefers neutral soil pH, but can tolerate pH from 5.5 - 8.1.
Term
Soil (chickpeas)
Definition

Kabuli chickpeas prefer brown soils.

Desi chickpeas prefer dark brown soils.

Chickpeas cannot stand waterlogging, saline soils, or soils which take a long time to warm up in the spring. 

Term
Soil (lentils)
Definition
Lentils prefer pH levles  6 - 8. Cannot tolerate flooding or salinity. Brown or dark brown soils are preferred, but it can be successful in black soil. Stony fields should be avoided or rolled after seeding.
Term
South America
Definition
A major producer of palm oil.
Term
Spring tillage (chickpeas)
Definition
Minimal spring tillage is needed in chickpeas, to maintain soil moisture.
Term
Staghead
Definition

White rust

A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. A fungal disease which does not affect canola or mustard. Lesions on leaves and stems, with deformed heads. No chemical control: control with rotation.

Term
Stearic acid
Definition
18:0
Term
Storage (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola is stored the same way as canola: should be below 8% moisture. Harvesting too soon can increase risk of heating in storage. It is important to keep the sample pure, since it is visually identical to mustard.
Term
Storage (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are stored at 14% in aerated, hopper-bottomed bins. Seed coats have lower moisture than the rest of the seed, and can "sweat", so moisture should be highly monitored. Quality decreases with time. Conveyers rather than augers reduce damage.
Term
Storage (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are stored at 13% - 14% moisture, below 15ºC, in a dark, dry environment. Aeration fans are recommended. Drying temperature should never exceed 45ºC to preserve germination. Green lentils do not store as long as red lentils. Do not mix seeds from successive years: discoloured seed downgrades the entire sample.
Term
Straight cut (lentils)
Definition
A method of harvesting lentils. When seeds are fully mature, or after desiccation. A combine with a flex header or pick-up reel, and vine lifters are used.
Term
Sulfur (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Brassica juncea canola need 20 lbs/ac S for 35 bu/ac yield.
Term
Sulfur (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas have sulfur needs similar to peas and lentils.
Term
Sulfur (lentils)
Definition
Some areas in Western Canada where lentils are grown are deficient in sulfur, but this is not a common problem.
Term
Swathing (chickpeas)
Definition
Chickpeas are swathed while damp. Reduces shattering.
Term
Swathing (lentils)
Definition
A method of harvesting lentils. When 30% of lower pods are tan. Humid conditions. Reduces shattering.
Term
Swede midge
Definition
An insect pest in Brassica juncea canola. An emerging pest. There is no resistance to it.
Term
Syria
Definition
The fourth top producer of lentils.
Term
Tenera
Definition
A category of oil palm. Thin-shelled hybrids between dura and pisifera. Used commercially.
Term
Threshing (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are threshed at 18% moisture, followed by drying to reach 13% - 14% moisture, depending on variety.
Term
Tillage (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
No-till is possible in Brassica juncea canola, but yields less. Retains moisture.
Term
Trifluralin
Definition

Treflan

A herbicide used for fall burn-down in lentils.

Used for pre-emergence, soil-applied control of annual grasses and broadleaves in Brassica juncea canola.

Term
Tropical oils
Definition
Palm oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil. Extremely high saturate fats compared to other vegetable oils.
Term
Turkey
Definition
The third top producer of lentils. A main importer of Canadian lentils. Imports 8% of Canadian exports of chickpeas.
Term
United States of America
Definition
The seventh top producer of lentils. Imports 13% of Canadian exports of chickpeas.
Term
Variety (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
First commercial Brassica juncea canola seeds were released in 2000 by Viterra: XCEED Canola, including Oasis, 8570, and 8571. There is also Pioneer 45J10.
Term
Variety (chickpeas)
Definition
A list of current recommendations are made by Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. There are no GMO chickpeas. Includes kabuli and desi varieties.
Term
Variety (lentils)
Definition
Lentils are classified as small, medium, or large, and also classified as green, red, French green, or dark speckled.
Term
Variety (oil palm)
Definition
Oil palm varieties include dura, pisifera, and tenera varieties.
Term
Volunteer canola
Definition
A weed in lentils and chickpeas. Hard to clean from the seeds. Difficult to control.
Term
Volunteer flax
Definition
A weed in lentils.
Term
Volunteer lentils
Definition
Can appear up to 4 years after planting lentils.
Term
Volunteer mustard
Definition
A weed in lentils.
Term
Weeds (Brassica juncea canola)
Definition
Weeds in Brassica juncea canola include kochia. There are few herbicides registered for Brassica juncea. Sensitive to group 2 herbicides. Trifluralin can be used. There are some Clearfield tolerant varieties: 8570 and 8571. Lontrel cannot be used in Brassica juncea canola.
Term
Weeds (chickpeas)
Definition
Weeds in chickpeas include volunteer canola. Chickpeas are not good competitors. There are few weed control options in chickpeas; they are sensitive to herbicides used in lentils and peas. Can use Sencor and Clethodim. Control with integrated weed management: dense canopy, pre-plant burn-down with glyphosate, control in prior years.
Term
Weeds (lentils)
Definition
Weeds in lentils include volunteer flax, canola, mustard, and perennial weeds. Causes dockage and staining in the late season. Lentils are not good competitors: early seeding helps with competition. Must control prior to planting, with long-term strategies. Herbicides include clethodim, metribuzin, gramoxone, trifluralin, Edge granular, and glyphosate.
Term
Western Canada
Definition
Lentils are important economically, for rotations, and reducing N requirements.
Term
Western Europe
Definition
Imports green lentils from Canada.
Term
XCEED Canola
Definition
A series of Brassica juncea canola released by Viterra. Includes Oasis, 8571, and 8571.
Term
Yield (chickpeas)
Definition

Desi chickpeas average 1550 kg/ha = 1400 lbs/ac.

Kabuli chickpeas average 1300 kg/ha = 1150 lbs/ac.

Higher yielding than other crops.

Term
Yield (lentils)
Definition
Lentils average 1475 kg/ha = 1313 lbs/ac.
Term
Yield (oil palm)
Definition
The weight of fruit bunches increases with the age of the oil palm tree, reaching 25 kg at 6 years with good soils. Annual yield may exceed 30 tons/ha under good conditions. Average is 10 tons/ha. 10 tons of fruit = 3 tons of palm oil, 250 kg of palm kernel oil, and 500 kg of palm kernel meal.
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