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Protein and Oilseed Crops: Quiz 6
University of Guelph CROP*3310
142
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
11/24/2015

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Term
Aflatoxin
Definition

Aspargillus flavus

A mould that forms in peanuts when not stored properly. Causes liver damage and is highly carcinogenic.

Term
Ambush
Definition
A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Sprayed prior to 6 leaf stage.
Term
Ascochyta web blotch
Definition
A disease which affects peanuts. Initial leaf lesions on the upper surface of the leaf, turns to dark brown blotches. Web-like or "net" lesions may develop in extreme cases.
Term
Aster yellows
Definition
A disease which affects flax.
Term
Authority
Definition
A group 14 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax.
Term
Bambara groundnut
Definition
A plant that has pegging, similar to peanuts.
Term
Basagran
Definition
A group 6 herbicide used post emergence in flax peanuts. In peanuts, it can only be used for early post emergence control, when peanuts are cracking, and it is often mixed with Paraquat.
Term
Boll
Definition
The fruit of flax. Has five internal compartments separated by a septum, each holding two seeds. Bolls usually average 6 - 8 seeds by harvest.
Term
Boron (peanut)
Definition
Boron is often lost to leaching in the sandy soils that peanuts are grown in.
Term
Breeding programs (flax)
Definition
Flax is bred at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Morden, Manitoba, the Crop Development Centre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, the CPS program in Saskatoon, and the CEROM program in Quebec.
Term
Broadcast
Definition
A method of seeding flax. Available if there is moisture, such as on irrigated land. Followed with shallow cultivation.
Term
Bromoxynil
Definition
A group 6 herbicide used post-emergence in flax.
Term
Calcium (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts need Ca during pegging, usually in the form of gypsym.
Term
Canada
Definition

The world's top producer of flax, and top exporter of flax, for the last 20 years. 1.55 million acres were planted in 2014. Exported 600 thousand MT. Exports 50% to China, 20% to Europe, 15% to the US, 4% to Japan, as well as South Korea, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Manitoba is the top flax producing province.

Not a world competitor for peanuts due to high production costs. Produced only for local markets. Imports peanuts mostly from Georgia.

Term
Canopy
Definition
A group 14 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax.
Term
Cargill Inc.
Definition
A company that supplies flax contracts and seeds.
Term
CDC Triffid
Definition
A transgenic flax variety resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. It was certified for a short period, and caused a contamination issue with exports to Europe in 2009. The Reconstituted Flax Seed Program was launced due to this event.
Term
Cercospora leaf spot
Definition
A disease which affects peanuts. Brown lesions with a yellow halo. Distinct on lower surfaces. Spores ares silvery ahd hair-like.
Term
China
Definition
A top producer of peanuts.
Term
Composure (flax)
Definition
Flax is high in omega-3 fatty acids, fibre, and lignin, making it highly nutritious for humans. Lowers risk of heart diseaes, cancer, and helps with immune disoders and diabetes.
Term
Conditions (flax)
Definition
Flax is tolerant to frosts: can survive -3ºC at emergence, and -6ºC later in development.
Term
Conditions (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts require a minimum of 3000 CHU. Ideal temperature is 25ºC. Deviation from this temperature delays flowering, reducing overall yield. Not tolerant to frost: improtant to harvest early. Moisture stress and high temperatures reduce yield.
Term
Conventional
Definition
A method of harvesting peanuts. Used in the US. The canopy is chopped, and the peanuts are dug and windrowed. Specialized combine drives through the field to collect peanut.
Term
Coragen
Definition
A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Can be sprayed up to 1 day before harvest.
Term
Crinkle
Definition
A disease which affects flax.
Term
Curtail M
Definition
A group 4 herbicide used post-emergence in flax.
Term
Cutworm
Definition
An insect pest in flax. Hatch in the spring and eat the crop as larvae. Severely or partially damaged plants near the soil surface are a sign. The economic threshold is 4 - 5/m2. Control with spray in the evening or late afternoon: Coragen, Pounce, Perm-Up, and Ambush.
Term
Cygon 480-AG
Definition
An organophosphate used to control potato aphids in flax.
Term
Cygon 480-CE
Definition
An organophosphate used to control potato aphids in flax.
Term
Development (flax)
Definition
Flax has a 45 - 60 day vegetative period. There is flowering for just one day: flowers open in the mornign on a clear, warm day, and petals are shed that same afternoon. 30 - 40 days to maturation. The mature fruit is a boll. There may be a second flowering period if there is an extended cool and wet season.
Term
Development (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts have hypogeal emergence. Vegetative stages are similar to soybeans. Has indeterminate growth, and can reach up to 60 cm in height. Has a taproot system with lots of lateral roots and nodules. Flowers are perfect and yellow. Multiple flowers may develop from one node, but 15 - 20% of flowers develop into pods. Flowering beings 4 - 6 weeks after planting. Pods develop on pegs. Peanuts are mature 7 - 9 weeks after planting.
Term
Direct combinign
Definition
The usual method of harvesting flax. Cutter-bar headers may be used, but must be in good conditions: flax straw contains linen fibres which are hard to cut. Desiccant may be used to dry the crop to reduce weeds.
Term
Disease (flax)
Definition
Disease is not a bad problem for flax in Ontario, but it is in Western Canada. Affected by rust, fusarium wild, pasmo, powdery mildew, sclerotinia stem rot, aster yellows, and crinkle.
Term
Disease (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts are affected by similar disease to soybeans: ascochyta web blotch, cercospora leaf spot, and pod rotting fungi.
Term
Drying oil
Definition
An oil that quickly forms a durable, shiny finish when exposed to oxygen. Flaxseed oil is a drying oil.
Term
Dual Magnum
Definition
A herbicide used in peanuts.
Term
Edge
Definition
A group 3 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax.
Term
Egg production
Definition
Flax is sometimes fed to hens to produce a yolk with 6 times as much linolenic acid. Hens convert flax oil into DHA. Less than 5% of egg producers use flax seed: a specialty market.
Term
Fall tillage
Definition
Tillage in flax. Traps snow to provide moisture as it melts, ensuring no drifting of the soil. Done if ruts are present in the field, or to control weeds.
Term
Fertility (flax)
Definition
Flax requires N, P, K, and micronutrients Fe and Zn. Amounts depend on soil levels and target yields.
Term
Fibre
Definition
High in flax.
Term
Flax
Definition

Linum usitatissiumum

Brought to North America in 1617. An annual crop produced for oil and fibre. The plant is 40 - 91 cm tall, with one maint stem which can branch  in good N conditions. Flowers are self-pollinating due to sticky pollen. The seeds are flat, oval, and pointed at one end, light to dark reddish brown or yellow in colour. A mottled seed is a result of environmental conditions.

Term
Flaxseed oil
Definition

Linseed oil

Used in oil-based paints and varnishes. A drying oil. Used to cure concrete and floor coverings including linoleum. Contains 30 - 60 linolenic acid. Has a high iodine number.

Term
Fortress
Definition
A group 3 and 8 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax.
Term
Fusarium wilt
Definition
A disease which affects flax. More prevalent with modern production practices. Yellowing and withering are initial symptoms, followed by browning and death. Roots are ashy grey. Wind and water can carry the fungus spores from field to field. Controlled with resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicide seed treatments.
Term
Georgia
Definition
Produces most of the peanuts which are imported into Canada.
Term
Gypsum
Definition
A calcium fertilizer used in peanuts.
Term
Health Canada
Definition
Approved flaxseed and DHA-enhanced eggs in 2014, claiming that whole flaxseed lowers blood cholesterol levels.
Term
Harvest (flax)
Definition
Flax is harvested by direct combining or swathing.
Term
Harvest (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts are harvested when 75% of pods have a darkened inner surface of the hull. In Ontario, this is 120 - 160 days after planting: September - October. Harvested using once-over or conventional methods.
Term
Hopperburn
Definition
A symptom of potato leafhopper. Yellow marks on the underside of leaves, caused by the insects feeding habits.
Term
Hypogeal emergence
Definition
Cotyledons remain underground. The epicotyl pushes the plumule to the soil surface. Peanuts have hypogeal emergence.
Term
Indeterminate growth
Definition
Produces new leaves and new flowers at the same time. Peanuts have indeterminate growth.
Term
India
Definition
A top producer of peanuts.
Term
Insects (flax)
Definition
Insects do not inflict economic damage on flax, but they have the potential to. Includes potato aphids, and cutworms.
Term
Insect (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts are affected by potato leafhoppers and mites. There are little insecticides registered for peanuts: 2 week production guarantee.
Term
Iodine number
Definition
A quality meaure of an oil. The mass of iodine in grams that can be consumed by 100f of the oil. A measure of the amount of unsaturated bonds.
Term
Irrigation (peanut)
Definition
In a hot, dry growing season, irrigation is recommended for peanuts. There must be sufficient water during flowering and pegging; most development occurs in these stages. 205 cm is sufficient.
Term
Lacewings
Definition
A natural predator of potato aphids.
Term
Lady beetle
Definition
A natural predator of potato aphids. They are an early sign of the potato aphid.
Term
Lagon
Definition
An organophosphate used to control potato aphids in flax.
Term
Lignin
Definition
High in flax.
Term
Lontrel
Definition
A group 4 herbicide used post-emergence in flax.
Term
Magnesium (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts need Mg to enchance photosynthesis and sugar production. Mg is applied pre-planting.
Term
Manitoba
Definition
The top flax producing province. Produces 30% of Canada's flax. Has the best flax yields in the world. Consistently high in quality. Due to long photoperiod, moderate temperatures, and traditionally dry harvest period.
Term
Marketing (flax)
Definition
Flax is grown on contract with suppliers, for export, foods, or crushing. Cargill Inc., Richardson International Ltd., and Viterra supply flax seeds and contracts. Usually only pedigreed seed will be bought at the elevator, discouraging use of bin-run seeds, avoiding GMOs and rust susceptibility.
Term
Mite
Definition
A pest in peanuts. A problem in dry years. Irrigation can drown mites.
Term
Nitrogen (flax)
Definition
Flax requries 25 - 30 bu/ac. The crop removes 90 lbs/ac. It is not a legume: all N is derived from the soil.
Term
Nitrogen (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts are a legume, and can fix N. Must inoculate 9 kg/ha with granular Rhizobium.
Term
No-till
Definition

Minimum till

Tillage in flax. Becoming dominant (especially in the prairies) with the rise of post-emergence herbicides for flax. Flax is well adapted to no-till. Keeps soil mioisture, erosion control, and increases yields by 13% or more.

Term
Norfolk
Definition
An Ontario county where peanuts are mostly grown. Has sandy soils and high CHU.
Term
OAC Garroy
Definition
A variety of Valencia peanut.
Term
OAC Ruby
Definition
A variety of Valencia peanut.
Term
OAC Tango
Definition
A variety of Valencia peanut.
Term
Omega-3 fatty acids
Definition
High in flax.
Term
Once-over
Definition
A method of harvesting peanuts. An undercut under the pods, and a mechanical stripping device removes the pod from the root mass.
Term
Ontario
Definition
Commercial growth of peanuts was attempted in the early 1960s, but produced poor yields. Variety and management factors increased yields in the 1980s. Ontairo grows only Spanish and Valencia peanuts. When the tobacco industry took a hit, peanuts were an alternative crop. Production is concentrated to Norfolk county.
Term
Organophosphates
Definition
Pesticides used to control potato aphids in flax. May be applied up to 21 days before harvest by aerial or ground application. Includes Lagon, Cygon 480-CE, and Cygon 480-AG.
Term
Origin (flax)
Definition
Flax used for oil originated in southwestern Asia. Flax used for fibre was domesticated in the Mediterranean.
Term
Origin (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts originated in Boliva/Peru 3570 - 3900 years ago.
Term
Pale western cutworm
Definition
An insect pest in flax.
Term
Pasmo
Definition
A disease which affects flax.
Term
Peanut
Definition

Groundnut

Goober nut

Gouber pea

Arachis hypogaea, "Weed underground"

A member of the Fabaceae family. 42 million acres are grown worldwide. Became popular in the 16th centruy, introduced to Africa, Asia, and Europe. Reached North America with colonials, used as a pasture crop for hogs until the 1930s.

Term
Peanut oil
Definition
Has a superior flavour to other vegetable oils.
Term
Pegging
Definition
The budding ovary of the plant on which peanut pods develop grows down and away from the plant, 5 - 8 cm into the soil. The pod positions itself horizontally, and pods develop only in complete darkness, taking 3 - 4 weeks for maturation.
Term
Perm-Up
Definition
A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Sprayed prior to 6 leaf stage.
Term
Phosphorus (flax)
Definition
Flax requires about 25 lbs of P2O5. Broadcasting P is ineffective.
Term
Phosphorus (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts respond well to P fertilizer.
Term
Picard's Peanuts
Definition
A company which produces value-added peanut products: confectionaries, slated peanuts, gift baskets. Uses only Spanish peanuts.
Term
Planting (flax)
Definition
Seed quality is important for germination and seedling vigour. A drill or air seeder is used. Can be broadcast seeded. Occurs in early May to the first of June: any later leads to fall frost problems.
Term
Poast Ultra
Definition
A group 1 herbicide used post-emergence in flax.
Term
Pod rotting fungi
Definition

Phytium myrothylum

A disease which affects peanuts. A soil-borne fungus. Commonly seen when there are wet conditions during pod development. Water-soaked lesions on the pod and a brown-black appearance of the pod.

Term
Potassium (flax)
Definition
Flax requires about 55 lbs of K2O.
Term
Potassium (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts respond well to K fertilizer. Do not put K in the seed-row, it burns the seeds and inoculant.
Term
Potato aphid
Definition
An insect pest in flax. All aphids have two "tails". Typically appears in late June and peaks in July. Most have left by mid-August. The economic threshold is 3 aphids/plant during full bloom, and 8 aphids/plant at green boll stages. Natural predators include lady beetles, and lacewings. Controlled with organophosphates.
Term
Potato leafhopper
Definition
An insect pest in peanuts. A beetle. Starts to appear at flowering in late June to early July. Feed on the underside of leaves, leaving hopperburn. Injects a toxin that causes chlorosis. There is no threshold level.
Term
Pounce
Definition
A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Sprayed prior to 6 leaf stage.
Term
Powdery mildew
Definition
A disease which affects flax.
Term
Pursuit
Definition
A herbicide used in peanuts.
Term
Reconstituted Flax Seed Program
Definition
A program launched in 2005 to remove traces of CDC Triffid from samples. Inspection of seeds to prevent potential contamination with GMO flax. Discourages use of bin-run flax seed.
Term
Redbacked cutworm
Definition
An insect pest in flax.
Term
Residue (flax)
Definition
Flax has a fibrous stem. There is not much residue, but it may wrap around equipment in the spring. It may be baled for animal feed or bedding, or chopped and left in the field to reduce equipment issues.
Term
Rhizobium
Definition
The bacteria which fix N in peanuts.
Term
RIchardson International Ltd.
Definition
A company that supplies flax contrats and seeds.
Term
Rotation (flax)
Definition
Flax is a good break in a crop rotation. Do not plant after canola, due to volunteer canola problems, mycorrhizae depletion (flax needs mycorrhizae), and phytotoxic compounds released as canola straw decomposes. Flax performs well after cereals or legumes. Do not follow with a root crop because the residues interfere with harvest. Following flax with flax reduces yields: diseases, dry seedbed, and soil crusting issues. Follow with cereals, corn, or legumes.
Term
Rotation (peanut)
Definition
Do not plant peanuts after soybeans. Peanuts are best planted after rye or fresh vegetables. Do not follow with fresh vegetables, for allergy concerns. Do not follow peanuts with peanuts. Follow with processing crops, such as pumpkins.
Term
Roundup
Definition
A group 9 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax. Also used pre-harvest.
Term
Row width (flax)
Definition
Flax rows are 7.0" - 7.5".
Term
Row width (peanut)
Definition
Peanut rows are 18", 24", or 30".
Term
Runner
Definition
A peanut variety. Prominent in the US. High yielding. Attractive kernel size. Used for making peanut butter.
Term
Rust
Definition
A disease which affects flax. Hasn't been a problem since the 1970s. Bright orange pustules on the stem and leaves. High humidity and warm day temperatures favour growth of the fungus. Disease-free seed and resistant varieties is the only way to control it. Rotation and elimination of plant debris, even by fire, can help to suppress it.
Term
Sclerotinia stem rot
Definition
A disease which affects flax.
Term
Seeding depth
Definition
Flax is planted 1.0" - 1.5" deep, but deeper if the soil is dry. Planting too deep leads to delayed emergence.
Term
Seeding depth (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts have no problem with emergence. Planted 4 - 5 cm deep.
Term
Seeding rate (flax)
Definition
Flax has a seeding rate of 27 - 40 lbs/ac = 50 - 80 seeds/sq.ft. Flax has a 50% - 60% germination rate. Too high of a seeding rate risks lodging.
Term
Seeding rate (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts are planted 105,000 seeds/ac = 10 - 13 plants/row-foot = 13 - 15 seeds/m2.
Term
Seedling injury
Definition
Injury in flax seed, reducing stands and yields, caused by osmosis effects of salt-based fertilizers. To avoid, place fertilizers in a side band beside the seed rater than in the seed row.
Term
Select
Definition
A group 1 herbicide used post-emergence in flax.
Term
Septum
Definition
Separate the five internal compartments of a flax boll.
Term
Soil (flax)
Definition
Flax thrives in a variety of soils. Adapted to soil zones in the prairies.
Term
Soil (peanut)
Definition
Optimal soil for peanuts has a pH above 6, is sandy, and well-drained. Does poorly in heavy soils that crust: emergence is reduced, and pegging is impeded. Cannot tolerate saline soils. Residues from previous crops should be cleared and the soil packed by late April to facilitate efficient harvest.
Term
Spanish
Definition
A peanut variety. Smaller kernel. Reddish brown skin. Higher oil content.
Term
Sprign tillage
Definition
Tillage in flax. Light and shallow, to maintain a firm seedbed, keep moisture in the soil, and eliminate weed seeds. If the ground is not firm, it should be packed before or soon after seeding.
Term
Storage (flax)
Definition
Flax is stored and sold at 10% - 13% moisture, and cooler than 30ºC. Dockage can cause moisture to increase, risking mold or heating. Should be less than 10% dockage. Insects are not a problem in storage.
Term
Storage (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts have 60% - 70% moisture at harvest, and are dried down to 5% - 10% for storage. Improper storage leads to spoiling and Aflatoxin. A tobacco kiln can be used to cure peanuts.
Term
Sulfur (flax)
Definition
Flax requires about 18 lbs of S.
Term
Sulfur (peanut)
Definition
Peanuts need sulfur for photosynthesis and efficient N use.
Term
Swathing
Definition
A method of harvesting flax. Harvested when the crop is near maturity: 75% of bolls have browned. Early pod termination occurs, resulting in blackening of seed and reducing yield.
Term
Threshing (flax)
Definition
Flax is threshed when leaves and stems are dry, or when seeds in bolls will rattle. If too dry, the outer shell may be split or damaged, lowering seed quality.
Term
Tillage (flax)
Definition
Flax must be planted in evenly distributed residue. There is fall, spring, and no-tillage in flax.
Term
Tillage (peanut)
Definition
Before planting peanuts, a smooth tooth harrow or disk harrow is used. Final seedbed should be smooth and packed before planting.
Term
Touchdown
Definition
A group 9 herbciide used pre-emergence in flax.
Term
United States of America
Definition
A top producer of peanuts.
Term
Valencia
Definition
A peanut variety. Three or more kernels per shell. Very sweet. Excellent fresh flavour. Includes OAC Garroy, Ruby, and Tango.
Term
Varieties (flax)
Definition
Flax varieties are chosen for yield, lodging resistance, seed quality (oil content), chlorosis tolerance, disease resistance (flax rust, fusarium wilt), and maturity group. Varieties have different colours of flowers, including dark to light blue, white, or pale pink. Includes CDC Triffid.
Term
Varieties (peanut)
Definition
Peanut varieties include Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia. An allergen-free peanut would increase peanut markets.
Term
Virginia
Definition
A peanut variety. Largest kernel. Makes excellent salted peanuts. The majority of roasted peanuts.
Term
Viterra
Definition
A company that supplies flax contracts and seeds.
Term
Weeds (flax)
Definition
Flax is not competitive: it has a diffuse canopy. Controlled with integrated pest management. Herbicides have a limited range of weeds they control. Recommended herbicides are listed in any of the prairie province's herbicide guides. Pre-emergence herbicides are groups 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 14. Post-emergence herbicides are groups 1, 4, and 6.
Term
Weeds (peanut)
Definition
Weeds clog harvesting implements in peanut production. Controlled pre-plant or pre-emergence. Basagran can sometimes be used post-emergence. Mechanical control may be used in organic production systems, or when herbicides are ineffective: cultivation for early weed control, prior to pegging or full canopy.
Term
Yield (flax)
Definition
Flax yields an average of 22 bu/ac in Western Canada. Good yields are 25 - 30 bu/ac, but this varies with region.
Term
Yield (peanut)
Definition
Peanut yields vary greatly.
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