Term
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Definition
Aspargillus flavus
A mould that forms in peanuts when not stored properly. Causes liver damage and is highly carcinogenic. |
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Definition
| A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Sprayed prior to 6 leaf stage. |
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Definition
| A disease which affects peanuts. Initial leaf lesions on the upper surface of the leaf, turns to dark brown blotches. Web-like or "net" lesions may develop in extreme cases. |
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. |
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Definition
| A group 14 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax. |
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Definition
| A plant that has pegging, similar to peanuts. |
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Definition
| A group 6 herbicide used post emergence in flax peanuts. In peanuts, it can only be used for early post emergence control, when peanuts are cracking, and it is often mixed with Paraquat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fruit of flax. Has five internal compartments separated by a septum, each holding two seeds. Bolls usually average 6 - 8 seeds by harvest. |
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Definition
| Boron is often lost to leaching in the sandy soils that peanuts are grown in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is bred at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Morden, Manitoba, the Crop Development Centre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, the CPS program in Saskatoon, and the CEROM program in Quebec. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of seeding flax. Available if there is moisture, such as on irrigated land. Followed with shallow cultivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 6 herbicide used post-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts need Ca during pegging, usually in the form of gypsym. |
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Term
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Definition
The world's top producer of flax, and top exporter of flax, for the last 20 years. 1.55 million acres were planted in 2014. Exported 600 thousand MT. Exports 50% to China, 20% to Europe, 15% to the US, 4% to Japan, as well as South Korea, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Manitoba is the top flax producing province.
Not a world competitor for peanuts due to high production costs. Produced only for local markets. Imports peanuts mostly from Georgia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 14 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A company that supplies flax contracts and seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transgenic flax variety resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. It was certified for a short period, and caused a contamination issue with exports to Europe in 2009. The Reconstituted Flax Seed Program was launced due to this event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects peanuts. Brown lesions with a yellow halo. Distinct on lower surfaces. Spores ares silvery ahd hair-like. |
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Definition
| A top producer of peanuts. |
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Definition
| Flax is high in omega-3 fatty acids, fibre, and lignin, making it highly nutritious for humans. Lowers risk of heart diseaes, cancer, and helps with immune disoders and diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is tolerant to frosts: can survive -3ºC at emergence, and -6ºC later in development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts require a minimum of 3000 CHU. Ideal temperature is 25ºC. Deviation from this temperature delays flowering, reducing overall yield. Not tolerant to frost: improtant to harvest early. Moisture stress and high temperatures reduce yield. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of harvesting peanuts. Used in the US. The canopy is chopped, and the peanuts are dug and windrowed. Specialized combine drives through the field to collect peanut. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Can be sprayed up to 1 day before harvest. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 4 herbicide used post-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in flax. Hatch in the spring and eat the crop as larvae. Severely or partially damaged plants near the soil surface are a sign. The economic threshold is 4 - 5/m2. Control with spray in the evening or late afternoon: Coragen, Pounce, Perm-Up, and Ambush. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organophosphate used to control potato aphids in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organophosphate used to control potato aphids in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax has a 45 - 60 day vegetative period. There is flowering for just one day: flowers open in the mornign on a clear, warm day, and petals are shed that same afternoon. 30 - 40 days to maturation. The mature fruit is a boll. There may be a second flowering period if there is an extended cool and wet season. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts have hypogeal emergence. Vegetative stages are similar to soybeans. Has indeterminate growth, and can reach up to 60 cm in height. Has a taproot system with lots of lateral roots and nodules. Flowers are perfect and yellow. Multiple flowers may develop from one node, but 15 - 20% of flowers develop into pods. Flowering beings 4 - 6 weeks after planting. Pods develop on pegs. Peanuts are mature 7 - 9 weeks after planting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The usual method of harvesting flax. Cutter-bar headers may be used, but must be in good conditions: flax straw contains linen fibres which are hard to cut. Desiccant may be used to dry the crop to reduce weeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease is not a bad problem for flax in Ontario, but it is in Western Canada. Affected by rust, fusarium wild, pasmo, powdery mildew, sclerotinia stem rot, aster yellows, and crinkle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts are affected by similar disease to soybeans: ascochyta web blotch, cercospora leaf spot, and pod rotting fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| An oil that quickly forms a durable, shiny finish when exposed to oxygen. Flaxseed oil is a drying oil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide used in peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 3 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is sometimes fed to hens to produce a yolk with 6 times as much linolenic acid. Hens convert flax oil into DHA. Less than 5% of egg producers use flax seed: a specialty market. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tillage in flax. Traps snow to provide moisture as it melts, ensuring no drifting of the soil. Done if ruts are present in the field, or to control weeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax requires N, P, K, and micronutrients Fe and Zn. Amounts depend on soil levels and target yields. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Linum usitatissiumum
Brought to North America in 1617. An annual crop produced for oil and fibre. The plant is 40 - 91 cm tall, with one maint stem which can branch in good N conditions. Flowers are self-pollinating due to sticky pollen. The seeds are flat, oval, and pointed at one end, light to dark reddish brown or yellow in colour. A mottled seed is a result of environmental conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
Linseed oil
Used in oil-based paints and varnishes. A drying oil. Used to cure concrete and floor coverings including linoleum. Contains 30 - 60 linolenic acid. Has a high iodine number. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 3 and 8 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. More prevalent with modern production practices. Yellowing and withering are initial symptoms, followed by browning and death. Roots are ashy grey. Wind and water can carry the fungus spores from field to field. Controlled with resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicide seed treatments. |
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Definition
| Produces most of the peanuts which are imported into Canada. |
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Term
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Definition
| A calcium fertilizer used in peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approved flaxseed and DHA-enhanced eggs in 2014, claiming that whole flaxseed lowers blood cholesterol levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is harvested by direct combining or swathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts are harvested when 75% of pods have a darkened inner surface of the hull. In Ontario, this is 120 - 160 days after planting: September - October. Harvested using once-over or conventional methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symptom of potato leafhopper. Yellow marks on the underside of leaves, caused by the insects feeding habits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cotyledons remain underground. The epicotyl pushes the plumule to the soil surface. Peanuts have hypogeal emergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces new leaves and new flowers at the same time. Peanuts have indeterminate growth. |
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Definition
| A top producer of peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insects do not inflict economic damage on flax, but they have the potential to. Includes potato aphids, and cutworms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts are affected by potato leafhoppers and mites. There are little insecticides registered for peanuts: 2 week production guarantee. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quality meaure of an oil. The mass of iodine in grams that can be consumed by 100f of the oil. A measure of the amount of unsaturated bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a hot, dry growing season, irrigation is recommended for peanuts. There must be sufficient water during flowering and pegging; most development occurs in these stages. 205 cm is sufficient. |
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Definition
| A natural predator of potato aphids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A natural predator of potato aphids. They are an early sign of the potato aphid. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organophosphate used to control potato aphids in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A group 4 herbicide used post-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts need Mg to enchance photosynthesis and sugar production. Mg is applied pre-planting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The top flax producing province. Produces 30% of Canada's flax. Has the best flax yields in the world. Consistently high in quality. Due to long photoperiod, moderate temperatures, and traditionally dry harvest period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is grown on contract with suppliers, for export, foods, or crushing. Cargill Inc., Richardson International Ltd., and Viterra supply flax seeds and contracts. Usually only pedigreed seed will be bought at the elevator, discouraging use of bin-run seeds, avoiding GMOs and rust susceptibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pest in peanuts. A problem in dry years. Irrigation can drown mites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax requries 25 - 30 bu/ac. The crop removes 90 lbs/ac. It is not a legume: all N is derived from the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts are a legume, and can fix N. Must inoculate 9 kg/ha with granular Rhizobium. |
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Term
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Definition
Minimum till
Tillage in flax. Becoming dominant (especially in the prairies) with the rise of post-emergence herbicides for flax. Flax is well adapted to no-till. Keeps soil mioisture, erosion control, and increases yields by 13% or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Ontario county where peanuts are mostly grown. Has sandy soils and high CHU. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of Valencia peanut. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of Valencia peanut. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of Valencia peanut. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A method of harvesting peanuts. An undercut under the pods, and a mechanical stripping device removes the pod from the root mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commercial growth of peanuts was attempted in the early 1960s, but produced poor yields. Variety and management factors increased yields in the 1980s. Ontairo grows only Spanish and Valencia peanuts. When the tobacco industry took a hit, peanuts were an alternative crop. Production is concentrated to Norfolk county. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pesticides used to control potato aphids in flax. May be applied up to 21 days before harvest by aerial or ground application. Includes Lagon, Cygon 480-CE, and Cygon 480-AG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax used for oil originated in southwestern Asia. Flax used for fibre was domesticated in the Mediterranean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts originated in Boliva/Peru 3570 - 3900 years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. |
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Term
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Definition
Groundnut
Goober nut
Gouber pea
Arachis hypogaea, "Weed underground"
A member of the Fabaceae family. 42 million acres are grown worldwide. Became popular in the 16th centruy, introduced to Africa, Asia, and Europe. Reached North America with colonials, used as a pasture crop for hogs until the 1930s. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a superior flavour to other vegetable oils. |
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Term
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Definition
| The budding ovary of the plant on which peanut pods develop grows down and away from the plant, 5 - 8 cm into the soil. The pod positions itself horizontally, and pods develop only in complete darkness, taking 3 - 4 weeks for maturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Sprayed prior to 6 leaf stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax requires about 25 lbs of P2O5. Broadcasting P is ineffective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts respond well to P fertilizer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A company which produces value-added peanut products: confectionaries, slated peanuts, gift baskets. Uses only Spanish peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seed quality is important for germination and seedling vigour. A drill or air seeder is used. Can be broadcast seeded. Occurs in early May to the first of June: any later leads to fall frost problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 1 herbicide used post-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
Phytium myrothylum
A disease which affects peanuts. A soil-borne fungus. Commonly seen when there are wet conditions during pod development. Water-soaked lesions on the pod and a brown-black appearance of the pod. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax requires about 55 lbs of K2O. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts respond well to K fertilizer. Do not put K in the seed-row, it burns the seeds and inoculant. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in flax. All aphids have two "tails". Typically appears in late June and peaks in July. Most have left by mid-August. The economic threshold is 3 aphids/plant during full bloom, and 8 aphids/plant at green boll stages. Natural predators include lady beetles, and lacewings. Controlled with organophosphates. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insect pest in peanuts. A beetle. Starts to appear at flowering in late June to early July. Feed on the underside of leaves, leaving hopperburn. Injects a toxin that causes chlorosis. There is no threshold level. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pesticide used to control cutworms in flax. Sprayed prior to 6 leaf stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide used in peanuts. |
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Term
| Reconstituted Flax Seed Program |
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Definition
| A program launched in 2005 to remove traces of CDC Triffid from samples. Inspection of seeds to prevent potential contamination with GMO flax. Discourages use of bin-run flax seed. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flax has a fibrous stem. There is not much residue, but it may wrap around equipment in the spring. It may be baled for animal feed or bedding, or chopped and left in the field to reduce equipment issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bacteria which fix N in peanuts. |
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Term
| RIchardson International Ltd. |
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Definition
| A company that supplies flax contrats and seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is a good break in a crop rotation. Do not plant after canola, due to volunteer canola problems, mycorrhizae depletion (flax needs mycorrhizae), and phytotoxic compounds released as canola straw decomposes. Flax performs well after cereals or legumes. Do not follow with a root crop because the residues interfere with harvest. Following flax with flax reduces yields: diseases, dry seedbed, and soil crusting issues. Follow with cereals, corn, or legumes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not plant peanuts after soybeans. Peanuts are best planted after rye or fresh vegetables. Do not follow with fresh vegetables, for allergy concerns. Do not follow peanuts with peanuts. Follow with processing crops, such as pumpkins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 9 herbicide used pre-emergence in flax. Also used pre-harvest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax rows are 7.0" - 7.5". |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanut rows are 18", 24", or 30". |
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Term
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Definition
| A peanut variety. Prominent in the US. High yielding. Attractive kernel size. Used for making peanut butter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. Hasn't been a problem since the 1970s. Bright orange pustules on the stem and leaves. High humidity and warm day temperatures favour growth of the fungus. Disease-free seed and resistant varieties is the only way to control it. Rotation and elimination of plant debris, even by fire, can help to suppress it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease which affects flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is planted 1.0" - 1.5" deep, but deeper if the soil is dry. Planting too deep leads to delayed emergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts have no problem with emergence. Planted 4 - 5 cm deep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax has a seeding rate of 27 - 40 lbs/ac = 50 - 80 seeds/sq.ft. Flax has a 50% - 60% germination rate. Too high of a seeding rate risks lodging. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts are planted 105,000 seeds/ac = 10 - 13 plants/row-foot = 13 - 15 seeds/m2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury in flax seed, reducing stands and yields, caused by osmosis effects of salt-based fertilizers. To avoid, place fertilizers in a side band beside the seed rater than in the seed row. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 1 herbicide used post-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate the five internal compartments of a flax boll. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax thrives in a variety of soils. Adapted to soil zones in the prairies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimal soil for peanuts has a pH above 6, is sandy, and well-drained. Does poorly in heavy soils that crust: emergence is reduced, and pegging is impeded. Cannot tolerate saline soils. Residues from previous crops should be cleared and the soil packed by late April to facilitate efficient harvest. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peanut variety. Smaller kernel. Reddish brown skin. Higher oil content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tillage in flax. Light and shallow, to maintain a firm seedbed, keep moisture in the soil, and eliminate weed seeds. If the ground is not firm, it should be packed before or soon after seeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is stored and sold at 10% - 13% moisture, and cooler than 30ºC. Dockage can cause moisture to increase, risking mold or heating. Should be less than 10% dockage. Insects are not a problem in storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts have 60% - 70% moisture at harvest, and are dried down to 5% - 10% for storage. Improper storage leads to spoiling and Aflatoxin. A tobacco kiln can be used to cure peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax requires about 18 lbs of S. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanuts need sulfur for photosynthesis and efficient N use. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of harvesting flax. Harvested when the crop is near maturity: 75% of bolls have browned. Early pod termination occurs, resulting in blackening of seed and reducing yield. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is threshed when leaves and stems are dry, or when seeds in bolls will rattle. If too dry, the outer shell may be split or damaged, lowering seed quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax must be planted in evenly distributed residue. There is fall, spring, and no-tillage in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Before planting peanuts, a smooth tooth harrow or disk harrow is used. Final seedbed should be smooth and packed before planting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group 9 herbciide used pre-emergence in flax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A top producer of peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peanut variety. Three or more kernels per shell. Very sweet. Excellent fresh flavour. Includes OAC Garroy, Ruby, and Tango. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax varieties are chosen for yield, lodging resistance, seed quality (oil content), chlorosis tolerance, disease resistance (flax rust, fusarium wilt), and maturity group. Varieties have different colours of flowers, including dark to light blue, white, or pale pink. Includes CDC Triffid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanut varieties include Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia. An allergen-free peanut would increase peanut markets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peanut variety. Largest kernel. Makes excellent salted peanuts. The majority of roasted peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A company that supplies flax contracts and seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax is not competitive: it has a diffuse canopy. Controlled with integrated pest management. Herbicides have a limited range of weeds they control. Recommended herbicides are listed in any of the prairie province's herbicide guides. Pre-emergence herbicides are groups 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 14. Post-emergence herbicides are groups 1, 4, and 6. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weeds clog harvesting implements in peanut production. Controlled pre-plant or pre-emergence. Basagran can sometimes be used post-emergence. Mechanical control may be used in organic production systems, or when herbicides are ineffective: cultivation for early weed control, prior to pegging or full canopy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flax yields an average of 22 bu/ac in Western Canada. Good yields are 25 - 30 bu/ac, but this varies with region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peanut yields vary greatly. |
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