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Protein and Oilseed Crops: Quiz 3
University of Guelph CROP*3310
100
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
10/13/2015

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Term
Adzuki bean
Definition
Not a variety of field bean; it is its own type of bean.
Term
Africa
Definition
One of the main importers of Canadian field beans.
Term
Air reel
Definition
Blows a stream of air into the header during harvest of field beans, to assist in getting all the crop into the combine. A large-capacity fan mounted behind the header blows air through a tube in front and down the verticle tubes.
Term
Alberta
Definition
Produces mostly coloured beans.
Term
Aneadn beans
Definition
Evolved in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Wild Andean beans are larger than Mesoamerican beans. Stayed in South America, and were brought to Europe by early explorers, who then brought these types to North America.
Term
Anthracnose
Definition
A common disease in field beans. Results in large black lesions on the stems and pods.
Term
Bald plant
Definition
When the hypocotyl or cotyledons break as a field bean emerges.
Term
Bean common mosaic virus
Definition
A comomn disease in field beans.
Term
Black beans
Definition
The variety of field bean most consumed in South America.
Term
Black Turtle
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Bonanza
Definition

Trifularin

A common herbicide registered for use on white beans, but not pinto beans.

Term
Bronzing
Definition
The world's third top producer of field beans. Produces 2,936,44 tons.
Term
Bronzing
Definition
Leaf injury in field beans caused by high exposure to ground-level ozone. A result of chemical interactions involving exhaust. Ozone oxidizes the cells inside stomates. Extent of damage depends on duration of exposure and water status (drought stressed crops are more tolerant). Often occurs after summer holidays when road traffic is high. Use of tolerant varieties is recommended in areas where bronzing has been observed in the past.
Term
Bush type
Definition
A growth type in field beans. Short and erect.
Term
Canada
Definition
Produces field beans mostly for export. Mainly white beans, but coloured beans are increasing. Most exports are to Britain and Japan. Exports to Angola, Italy, and Spain are increasing. Canada produces 10% of what the US produces. Produced in Ontario, Western Canada, Manitoba, and Alberta.
Term
China
Definition
The world's fourth top producer of field beans. Produces 1,400,000 tons.
Term
Common bacterial blight
Definition
A common disease in field beans. Water-soaked lesions surrouneded by yellow halos where toxins from bacteria are killing leaf tissue. Spreads when foliage is wet; equipment and workers should be kept out of field bean fields after rain or heavy dew. OAC Rex is tolerant to common bacterial blight.
Term
Cook's Division of Parrish and Meimbecker
Definition
A contracting organization for field bean producers.
Term
Cranberry
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Dark Red Kidney
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Direct combining
Definition
A method of harvest of field beans. First became popular in 1980. Greater shattering losses, and loss of low-hanging pods. New cultivars with more upright archictecture facilitate direct combining.
Term
Dirtying
Definition
Discolouration of field beans. Caused by wet weather near maturity, damage during harvest procedures, or staining due to green weeds. White and light-coloured beans are more susceptible. Chemcial desiccation of the cropp (such as with Eragaon) before harvest can reduce it. Discoloured beans may be removed by an electric eye.
Term
Dutch Brown
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Electric eye
Definition
Scans field beans before processing, removing picks.
Term
Eragon
Definition
A chemical desiccant that can be used on field beans before harvest to reduced dirtying of the crop.
Term
Europe
Definition
One of the main importers of Canadian field beans.
Term
Field bean
Definition

Phaseolus vulgaris

aka Common bean

aka Dry bean

There are many varieties, categorized by seed size, shape, and colour. An important protein source in the human diet, especially in Central and South America, Asia, and Africa. The most important pulse crop grown worldwide; one of the few worldwide important crops that was domesticated in the western hemisphere. Domesticated over 7,000 years ago at two centres of origin: Mesoamercia and the Andes. Most current varieties have DNA from both varietis. 23% protein; complementary amino acids to cereal and corn. Contains trypsin inhibitor, and the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose. Phenological development is similar to soybeans; half the growing season is vegetative growth, the other half reproductive. Emergence is epigeal, the first pair of leaves unifoliate, and all subsequent leaves compound trifoliate. Two growth types: bush and vine-type. Self-pollinated, but flowers are larger than soybean flowers. There are indeterminate and determinate types. There are no GMO field beans; would not be accepted in European markets.

Term
Fusarium
Definition
A common root rot in field beans. Bottom of the root is reddish brown and dead. The plant survives by producing adventitious roots, but it will be susceptible to drought and have difficulty taking up nutrients.
Term
Garbanzo bean
Definition

aka Chickpeas

Not a variety of field bean.

Term
Great Northern
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Harvest
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Harvest when 90% of bean pods are yellow. Sold at 18% moisture. Field beans are either direct combines, or pulled and windrowed. The combine must be adjusted for smaller-seeded bean types. Specialized tractor-drawn combines that provide gentle thrushing (such as what is used for peanuts) are good for large-seeded types. Grain bin dumps are hydraulic, not augered, reducing seed coat damage and cracking.
Term
Hensall District Co-operative
Definition
A contracting organization for field bean producers.
Term
Herbicide
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Field beans are more sensitive to herbicide carryover than soybeans. Sensitive to residual broadleaf herbicides. Field beans are limited to fields with low weed pressure, or well-controlled weed populations with available herbicide options. There are no RR field beans. Pursuit, Treflan, Rival, and Bonanza are registered for use on white beans, but not pinto beans.
Term
Idaho
Definition
Grows field bean breeder seed, using furrow irrigation in desert-like conditions, producing seed that is free from common bacterial blight. Water is siphoned into the field where beans grow on raised mounds.
Term
India
Definition
The world's second top producer of field beans. Produces 3,630,000 tons.
Term
Japan
Definition
One of the main importers of Canadian field beans.
Term
Kenya
Definition
The world's eighth  top producer of field beans. Produces 529,265 tons.
Term
Kidney bean
Definition
A variety of field bean. 23% crude protein, 78% TDN, 1.2% fat, 4.1% fibre.
Term
Light Red Kidney
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Manganese (Mn)
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Field beans are susceptible to Mn deficiencies. Correted with foliar applications.
Term
Manitoba
Definition
Produces 50% of Canada's field beans. Pinto and navy beans, with small quantities of other types. Field bean fields go to the horizons.
Term
Marketing
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Growers usually enter into time trial contracts with locked in price, and high risk. Contracting organizations include Hensall District Co-operative and Cook's Division of Parrish and Meimbecker. Provide seed to the grower with recommendations on planting rates, specifying condition of beans at delivery, including grain moisture, grading standards, and dockage.
Term
Mesoamerican (MA) beans
Definition
Evolved in southern Mexico and Columbia. Migrated northwards. By the time Europeans arrived in Quebec, First Nations people were growing MA beans there.
Term
Mexico
Definition
One of the main importers of Canadian field beans. The world's fifth top producer of field beans. Produces 1,294,634 tons.
Term
Michigan
Definition
A major field bean producing state, especially adjacent to Ontario. used to be the dominant field bean production area in the US, but production shifted to the MinDak area over the last 20 years.
Term
MinDak
Definition
The continuous area in North Dakota and Minnesota where field beans are mostly produced in the US. Extends into southern Manitoba.
Term
Minnesota
Definition
A major field bean producing state. Part of MinDak.
Term
Myanmar
Definition
The world's top produer of field beans. Produces 3,800,000 tons.
Term
Navy bean
Definition

aka White bean

aka White pea

A common class of field bean produced in North America. Used primarily in manufacturing of canned beans (baked beans, pork and beans), traditionally the major market class in North America. Fed to the navy during the world wars. 23% crude protein, 79% TDN, 1.4% fat, 0.15% Ca, 0.57% P, 4.2% fibre.

Term
Nebraska
Definition
A major field bean producing state.
Term
New Holland combine
Definition
When used to harvest field beans, it left a lot of beans on the ground. it does not have an air reel.
Term
Nitrogen (N)
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Inoculation does not increase yield; field beans are poor nitrogen fixers; nodules are shed during drought periods and not regrown. Apply 50 - 100 kg N/ha prior to planting, depending on past yields, current soil fertility, and target yield. It is not recommended to grow field beans without N fertilizer unless you are sure there is enough residual N in the soil.
Term
North Dakota
Definition
By far the largest field bean producing state in the US. Part of MinDak.
Term
OAC Rex
Definition
A variety of field bean. Has resistance to common bacterial blight. The resistance was brought in from tepary beans. Used extensively. Used in breeding programs.
Term
OAC Thunder
Definition
A variety of field bean. It might be called "Thunder" because it causes flatulence!
Term
Ontario
Definition
Produces 30% of Canada's field beans. The main exporter of navy beans to the UK. Competes with Michigan and MinDak in navy beans. Produces significant quantities of kidney beans, cranberries, black beans, and pinto beans.
Term
Ontario Bean Producers Marketing Board
Definition
Used to buy and sell all beans in Ontario, but not anymore.
Term
Ozone (O3)
Definition
Causes bronzing in field beans. Caused by pollution or from weather events. Formed when chemical bonds in oxygen are broken.
Term
Pedigreed Seed
Definition
Field bean seed that is guaranteed to not have seed-borne common bacterial blight.
Term
Phosphorus (P)
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Amount applied is based on current soil fertility and target yields. Edible beans are sensitive to fertilizers in the row; fertilizer is either broadcast, or in a 2" x 2" row.
Term
Picks
Definition
Off-coloured field beans that are removed by electric eyes. Can be fed to pigs after cooking.
Term
Pink
Definition
A common class of field beans produced in North America.
Term
Pinto
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America. 23% crude protein, 68% TDN, 1.2% fat, 0.13% Ca,0.46% P, and 4.1% fibre.
Term
Planting date
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Field beans are a warm season annual, not tolerant of cold temperatures; planting does not occur until the soil has reached 10ºC at planting depth, and must not take place until risk of frost has passed. Delayed until June in a lot of places. In Canada, dry beans are planted after soybeans. Shorter growing season than soybeans: 80 - 120 days to maturity, depending on variety and temperature.
Term
Potassium (K)
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Amount applied is based on current soil fertility and target yields. Edible beans are sensitive to fertilizers in the row; fertilizer is either broadcast, or in a 2" x 2" band. Do not add KCl to the seed-row; the salt will suck water from the seed and burn the radicle.
Term
Pulling and windrowing
Definition
A method of harvesting field beans. A knife is pulled under the plant to cut the roots off. Windrowing follows closely, (usually the same day) and is done with a combine.
Term
Pulse Canada
Definition
The industry organization for beans and other edible pulses in Canada.
Term
Pursuit
Definition

Imazethapyr

A herbicide registered for use on white beans, but not on pinto beans.

Term
Pythium
Definition
A common root rot in field beans.
Term
Quality
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Of paramount importance; field beans are grown for human edible markets, and consumed with prior processing. Quality is maximized, even at the expense of yield. Yield losses can be high.
Term
Quebec
Definition
A significant producer of field beans in Canada.
Term
Queen's Bush
Definition
An area north of Listowell. No rhizobia was found here.
Term
Raffinose
Definition
An oligoaccharide in field beans. Can lead to flatulence.
Term
Red
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Rhizobium phasoli
Definition
The straing of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that helps field beans fix nitrogen. Recommended to inoculate fields where nodulation has been poor in the past. About a half to a third of fields are inoculated.
Term
Rhizoctonia
Definition
A common root rot in field beans. Especially severe if the crop alternates from too dry to too wet and back again.
Term
Rival
Definition

Trifularin

A herbicide registered for use on white beans, but not pinto beans.

Term
Root rot
Definition
A common disease in field beans. Present in most Ontario soils Field beans are susceptible to root rots. Includes Pythium, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia.
Term
Rotation
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Important for ensuring high yields and quality; field beans must not be grown in the same field more than once every four years. PRevents build-up of Fusarium and white mould. Field beans are sensitive to herbicide carryover.
Term
Row width
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Generally planted in wide, 30" rows with a corn planter. New types of pullers can be used with row widths as low as 20". Target planting rate: about 80,000 plants/ac (lower than soybeans). Field beans have weak emergence; avoid planting in compacted soil. In wider rows, there are more seeds per linear foot, and the seeds "co-operate" as they emerge, breaking the soil surface. In conditions with uniform emergence, there is yield advantage from a narrow row.
Term
Rwanda
Definition
The world's tenth top producer of field beans. Produces 438,236 tons.
Term
Seed depth
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Recommended 1.2 cm. Unevern emergence leads to uneven maturation. Good moisture is critical for planting. Larger-seeded varieties can tolerate planting depths up to 9 cm!
Term
Senator
Definition

Thiophanate methyl

A fungicide registered for use in field beans. Used for white mould. A new fungicide with good performance.

Term
Small Red
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
Soil
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Mostly grown on sandy loam or loam soils: less root rots in well-drained soils. Not grown in heavy clay soils: too hard to pull the plants in clay.
Term
Soybean
Definition
40% crude protein, 88% TDN, 18% fat, 0.25% Ca, 0.59% P, 5.0% fibre.
Term
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN)
Definition
A common disease in field beans. There is increasing prevalence in southwestern Ontario.
Term
Stachyose
Definition
An oligosaccharide in field beans. Can lead to flatulence.
Term
Tanzania
Definition
The world's sixth top producer of field beans. Produces 1,150,000 tons.
Term
Tillage
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Field beans can be grown in no-till, but conventional till is more common; provides opportunity for mechanical weed control, and facilitates harvest. Dry beans have a weak root system, and benefot from some amount of tillage. In no-till, coulters can be placed ahead of the planter unit.
Term
Treflan
Definition

Trifuralin

A herbicide registered for use on white beans, but not pinto beans.

Term
Tripsin inhibitor
Definition
Found in field beans; they must be heated before feeding to humans or other monogastrics.
Term
Uganda
Definition
The world's ninth top producer of field beans. Produces 461,000 tons.
Term
United States of America
Definition
One of the main importers of Canadian field beans. The world's seventh top producer of field beans. Produces 1,110,668 tons. The top American states for field bean production are North Dakota, Minnesota (MinDak), Michigan, and Nebraska.
Term
Variety
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. www.gobeans.com has information on performance trials in white beans and coloured beans. Pedigreed seed is recommended.
Term
Vine type
Definition
A growth type in field beans. Vine-like.
Term
Western Canada
Definition
Increasing in field bean production, mainly in pinto beans.
Term
White Kidney
Definition
A common class of field bean produced in North America.
Term
White mould
Definition

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

A common disease in field beans. Field beans are more susceptible to white mould than soybeans. Don't want too much of a canopy. There is extensive information on performance of various fungicides registered for use on field beans (such as Senator) from Ridgetown, North Dakota State University, and Michigan State University. A prescribed amount of time must pass between spraying and harvest.

Term
Zinc (Zn)
Definition
A management factor in field bean production. Deficiencies are sometimes seen, and can be corrected with foliar applications.
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