Term
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Definition
| The most northern soybean maturity group. Manitoba soybeans. |
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Definition
| A soybean maturity group. In southwestern Ontario. |
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Definition
| A soybean maturity group. In southwestern Illinois. |
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Definition
| A soybean maturity group. The lowest US maturity group. |
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Definition
| A soybean maturity group. Tropical soybeans. |
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Definition
| A herbicide. They are currently developing 2,4-D resistant soybeans. |
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Definition
| An option for row width in soybeans. Only planted with drills and corn planters which give better seed spacing and better depth control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vicilin-type protein. Found in vacuoles in oilseeds. Has 3 subunits, each 45 - 50 kDa in size. Plants may produce 5 - 10 types of 7S polypeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein found in vacuoles in oilseeds. Form trimers, but in the vacuole they are split into hexamers: 6 subunits, each 20 - 40 kDa in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| An option for row width in soybeans. The most common row width in Ontario. Cheaper (with RR seeds) than 7" rows, for not much yield decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| An option for row width in soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| An option for row width in soybeans. The recommended row width. The plants can fill between rows. Advantages: air movement between rows (less white mould), less mositure stress (reservoir of moisture between rows), and easier combining (soil surface is more visible). |
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Term
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Definition
| 44% protein. The seed coats are ground up and mixed back into the meal, giving it extra fibre. Used in sow and cattle rations; these animals can handle the fibre. Cheaper than 48% soybean meal. |
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Term
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Definition
| 48% protein. Derived from flaked cotyledons after oil is extracted. Has less fibre than 44% soybean meal. Used in poultry and growing pig rations; the fibre from 44% soybean meal causes digestive problems. |
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Definition
| A strain of B. japonicum from Brazil. |
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Definition
| Canada's largest crop consulting company. Oversees over 6 million acres of land in Canada. Prof. Hume works for this company, performing field trials for new products, to make sure they are fit to be recommended to growers. This includes soybean inoculants, dwarf wheat, bioproducts, and other products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soybeans are still in the experimental stage here, but they are doing very well in the Peach River valley. There are 17 hour days, low elevation, and high CHU. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of a fatty acid chain with a carboxyl group, which can attach to glycerol. Scientist ground carbons from this end. |
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Term
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Definition
| A regular structure found in the secondary structure of proteins. Spirals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building block of polypeptides (proteins). Consists of a central carbon bound to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen, and a side chain. There are 20 different types of amino acids, 10 of which are essential amino acids. |
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Term
| Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) |
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Definition
18:3, cis 9, 12, 15
A polyunsaturated fatty acid. An essential omega-3 fatty acid. Found in soybeans and other oilseeds. If fed to hens (as flax), it is converted into DHA and EPA, enhancing the nutrition of their eggs. Cattle and hogs cannot convert ALA into DHA or EPA. In humans 0% - 4% of ALA is converted into DHA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constituent of amino acids. |
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Definition
| One of Prof. Hume's farm co-operators. An '80 Aggie. Has probably the highest yielding farm in Simcoe county; a no-till/strip-till operation. |
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Definition
| Andy Van Niekirk's daughter. A U of G graduate in biochemical science. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces the quality of proteins. Includes trypsin inhibitor, urease, and phytic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
20:4, cis 5, 8, 11, 14
A polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Melting point = - 50ºC. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major producer of soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The eighth largest producer of dry peas. The sixth largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bud in the axil of every leaf of a soybean plant (including unifoliates and cotyledons). Similar in structure to the terminal growing point. Can become a branch, a raceme, or remain dormant. If the apex is damaged above the cotyledonary node, one axillary bud will form a branch that takes over apical dominance; this ability makes soybeans very resistant to eary season damage. 50% defoliation at V6 results in only 3% yield loss! |
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Term
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Definition
| May be combined with B. japonicum in soybean inoculants. Improves seedling vigour and protects against root rots. Best results are in fields where soybeans are grown frequently. Tested 2002 - 2007. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fifth largest importer of pulses from Canada (8%). The seventh largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A regular structure found in the secondary structure of proteins. Sheets. |
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Term
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Definition
| The form that B. japonicum takes on when it is living inside the nodules of a soybean plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure that phospholipids take on in cell membranes in animal and plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seed saved from the previous year. It should be free of weed seeds, and tested for germination and vigour if possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gram-negative, rod-shaped (in free-living state) bacteria. Infects soybeans through infection threads in the root hairs, stimulating formation of nodules. It lives inside the nodule as bacteroids, fixing nitrogen. Includes 532 C. Found in North American soybean inoculants. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1992 - 2002, increased their soybean acreage. Now produces more than the US. Soybeans used to flower early, forfeiting yields, then EMBRAPA produced a long-juvenile soybean which began the expansion of soybeans in Brazil. |
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Term
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Definition
| An application of fertilizer before planting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest exporter of pulses (57%). The largest producer of dry peas. The second largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) |
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Definition
| Approves soybean and canola varieties registered by the OSACC. Approved use of Bacillus subtilis in soybean inoculants. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Rapeseed
A non-leguminous oilseed. Grown mainly as a winter crop in Europe, where it is called "winter oilseed rape". A minor crop in Ontario compared to soybeans: 50 thousand acres. In 2015 it was infested with swede midge and growers were dissuaded from growing canola. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Rapeseed meal
Lower in nutritional value than soybean meal because it is higher in fibre. Accounts for 13% of meal production worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| 6.0% total saturates: 60.1% oleic acid, 20.1% linoleic acid, 9.6% linolenic acid. |
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Term
| Carbon numbering in fatty acids |
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Definition
| Scientists number from the alpha end. Nutritionists number from the omega end. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constituent of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Seed tested for germination. The results are on the tag, along with vigour of the seed. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The soil in China has very diverse soil rhizobia, and it is impossible to remove poor nitrogen fixers from the soil; soybeans do not fix nitrogen as well as they do in other places. The second largest importer of pulses from Canada (10%). The fifth largest producer of dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The majority of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are cis (excepting trans fatty acids). Produce a bend in the chain. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A source of information on soybean varieties. More numerous than Ontario soybean variety trials. Includes all the company's registered varieties, plus some competitor's varieties. Well reported in brochures and online. Dealers have information on tolerance and susceptibilities to insects and diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rotation option in soybean management. Brings on a more rapid build-up of soybean cyst nematode, sclerotinia, brown stem rot, soybean aphid, and bean leaf beetle. Faster evolution of tolerant weeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-GMO, crushing grade soybeans. More difficult to grow than GMO soybeans, but sell for premium prices. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of tillage. Includes moldboard plow, chisel plow, and ridge tillage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meal from coconuts. Accounts for 1% of meal production worldwide: 1.9 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oil from coconuts. Accounts for 1% of oilseed production worldwide. 34.7 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, Missouri, and Ohio. Most soybeans in the US are produced in this area. |
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Term
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Definition
| 13.4% total saturates: 25.3% oleic acid, 60.7% linoleic acid, <0.1% linolenic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fibre crop. Grown mainly for its lint, but is also a source of cottonseed oil and meal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major source of protein in livestock rations. Accounts for 6% of meal production worldwide: 16.1 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 8% of oilseed production worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offers some protection of yield when planting early. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grown for oil extraction and soybean meal. Include conventional, GMO, and organic soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid containing sulfur. Can form disulfide bridges. |
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Term
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Definition
| An associative nitrogen fixer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photoperiod does not affect flowering. Northern soybeans and early-maturing soybeans are day-neutral, because otherwise they would flower too late. Flowering is controlled by CHU, soil temperature, and date of planting. |
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Term
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Definition
A soybean seed company. They are changing to the maturity group numbering system in their Xtend line of varieties.
Numbering system: [CHU]-[designation number] |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of soybean variety. Nearly complete vegetative development before flowering begins. Vegetative and reproductive phases do not overlap; little change in height after flowering. Reproductive development is synchronized across nodes. Terminal leaves are similar in size to lower leavs. The plant is short and densely podded, and resistant to lodging. THe main stem terminal node has a long raceme which produces pods. Grown in the south: maturity groups V - VII. There is a lower chance that a killiong frost will terminate seed set. |
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Term
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Definition
| A herbicide. Dicamba damage shows as cupped leaves in soybeans. Xtend soybeans are tolerant of Dicamba. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs between sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. A covalent force important in tertiary and quaternary structure of some proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
22:6
An essential omega-3 fatty acid. More effective as an omega-3 fatty acid than ALA. Found in oily fish products and omega-3 enhanced products. Essential for brain development in infants, maintains visual function in seniors, reduces heart disease, and has other dietary benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
A soybean seed company. Recently purchased Hyland Seeds and Mycogen Seeds.
Former Hyland Seed variety numbering system: HS [maturity group][designation number] |
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Term
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Definition
| The most successful low-linolenic canola. Non-GMO. Widely grown in western Canada. Have dedicated crushing plants. Not grown widely in Ontario because there are no dedicated crushing plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research scientist responsible for the increase in dry pea and lentil production in Saskatchewan and Alberta 1990 - 2000. Changed the agricultural landscape from mostly wheat to a broadleaf/grass rotation system. hired by the Crop Development Centre at the University of Saskatchewan. Developed the necessary agronomic knowledge for dry peas and lentils, bred suitable varieties for the prairies, helped build the necessary export markets so production could expand, helped build the necessary infastructure (elevators, railroads, grading systems, producer groups). An excellent salesman. |
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Term
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Definition
| First tested soybeans in Ontario in 1893. |
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Term
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Definition
The instructor of this course. Grew up on a farm near Milton, did an undergrad an master's degree at U of G, then did a PhD at Iowa State University. Now a professor emeritus with a focus on the management and physiology of soybeans, corn, and canola. A major promoter of soybeans in the early days of soybeans in Ontario; increased soybean acreage in counties east of London.
His three passions:
1. Grow 300 bu/ac corn
2. Grow 100 bu/ac soybeans
3. Football |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1934 there was a bad drought which destroyed corn, hay, and small grain crops in the Midwest. Soybeans were planted as an emergency crop, since they were drought tolerant. Much of the soybeans planted were used as forage. This event contributed to the popularity of soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A soybean breeder from Mississippi who professor Hume met at a conference. He was not aware that northern soyebeans were not day-length sensitive, and argued with the data that professor Hume had collected! |
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Term
| Eicosapetnanoic acid (EPA) |
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Definition
20:5
A polyunsaturared fatty acid. An essential omega-3 fatty acid. More effective as an omega-3 fatty acid than ALA. Found in oily fish products and omega-3 enhanced products. Essential for brain development in infants, maintains visual function in seniors, reduces heart diseases, and has other dietary benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
18:1, trans 9
A mono-unsaturated trans fatty acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A public breeding organization in Brazil, which created long-juvenile soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids that humans and other monogastrics cannot synthesize, so they must be ingested. There are 10 essential amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Linoleic and linolenic acids. Cannot be produced by the human body, must be ingested. Deficiencies are rare for individuals with a normal diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ninth largest producers of dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The expressed part of a gene. The sequence of nucleic acids determines the primary structure of proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Farmer field soybean trials |
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Definition
| A source of information on soybean varieties. Conducted by county branches of Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association. Limited in number in any area. Field-scale strip trials planted with field planters and harvested with commercial combines and weigh wagons (or using yield monitors). Provides information on variety within the field, and ease of combining. Usually 2 - 3 varieties are tested at once in a field side-by-side. With larger planters, different varieties are planted in separate seed hoppers; this is especially good if the width can be matched to the width of a combine harvester. |
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Term
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Definition
| A triglyceride solid at room temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of lipids. Three are attached to a glycerol backbone of a triglyceride. 12 - 18 carbons, with a COOH at one end. Saturated or unsaturated. Composition of different fatty acids determines the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of the fat or oil. Long-chain fatty acids have higher melting points than shorter-chain fatty acids. It is possible to breed oilseeds to have different composition of fatty acids: high-oleic canola or low-linolenic flax. Growing conditions in the field also affect fatty acid composition. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A pulse. Canada is the world's largest producer and exporter of field peas: 32% of production, 55% of pea trade. Our largest market is India, which accounts for almost half of yellow pea export. Production of peas in Western Canada boomed between 1990 - 2000, mostly in Saskatchewan and Alberta, due to work by Dr. Al Slinkard. Most of the photosynthetic area is in the tendrils, rather than the leavs. Flowers profusely and pods are taken to maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 2% of meal produciton worldwide: 5.0 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-leguminous oilseed. High in ALA. If fed to hens, it results in eggs hihg in DHA and EPA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grown for making tofu, miso, soy milk, and soy sauce. Usually grown on contract for export to Europe. Have lower yields than crushing grade soybeans, but sell for premium prices. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third largest exporter of dry peas (6%). The fourth largest producer of dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affected by the chemical properties of vegetable proteins. An active area of research in food science: optimizing texture, taste, gelation, water-holding capacities, solubility, emulsifying, and stability. |
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Term
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Definition
| An isoflavone in soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of a vegetable oil. The backbone to which fatty acids are attached in a triglyceride. |
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Term
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Definition
| What makes soybeans good to feed to livestock. This discovery in 1910 contributed to the popularity of soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of crushing grade soybeans. Includes Roundup Ready, Ready-to-Yield, Liberty Link, soybean cyst nematode resistant, phythophthora root rot resistant, and sclerotinia resistant soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process done to raw soybeans to denature anti-nutritional factors trypsin inhibitor and urease, increasing the protein quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of inoculant for soybeans. 32.0% yield increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fibre crop. May be produced for fibre or oil, or both. There are different varieties depending on purpose. Lacks THC. The upper leaves sell for a higher price, for medicinal hemp (illegal). It is legal to ship seed hemp into the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| First grew soybeans in the US in 1766 in Thunderbolt, Georgia. |
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Term
| High density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Definition
"Good cholesterol"
Lowered by trans fat consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain the 10 essential amino acids in ratios similar to those required in the diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A field which has grown soybeans before. It may have soil rhizobia. Rhizobia generally stay in the soil unless it is tobacco sand (too hot), clay soil (rhizobia are lost), or has a pH less than 5.5. Loam soils with neutral pH can retain rhizobia for up to 20 years between soybean crops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a maritime climate; low island in cold water. Introducing soybean genes from this area made soybeans better adapted to higher latitudes, cooler temperatures, and shorter growing conditions; expanding soybean acreage in early years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communities in Western Canada similar to the Mennonites. Need farming advice because not many have college degrees. Have really good farmers, huge farms, and good equipment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constituent of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
"Water-loving"
The heads of phospholipids are hydrophilic. |
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Term
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Definition
"Water-resisting"
The tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classficiation of soybean varieties. Begin flowering early in development, when there are half of the final number of vegetative nodes. Plants are tall, facilitating combine harvest. They double in height after flowering, terminal leaves are smaller than lower leaves, and pods do not normally devleop on the terminal node. Reproductive development is staggered across nodes. Grown in the north: maturity groups 000 - IV, but recently they have been grown further south. At least one pod will reach physiological maturity before the end of the season. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest importer of pulses from Canada (27%). The third largest producer of dry peas. The largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Threads in root hairs of soybean roots that are infected by B. japonicum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Commercial methods of introducing B. japonicum into the soil. Some inoculants contain one strain, others have multiple. Produces a 30% - 50% yield increase, depending on soil type and nitrogen status. If the soil already has enough nitrogen, inoculation won't induce a high yield increase. Response is greater in sandy soils. Types of inoculants: non-steril powdered peat, sterile-carrier powdered peat, granulars, liquids, and pre-inoculants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sixth largest producer of dry peas. The eighth largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
Iron deficiency
In soybeans it appears as yellow leaves at the top of the plant. Bad from Winnipeg to Missouri, where there are calcareous soils and high pH. It is cheaper to prevent iron chlorosis with variety selection than with foliar applications. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in soybeans. Similar structure to estrogens. Heart-healthy and anti-cancer. This can be advertised in soybeans. Includes genestein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Missouri farmer. A frequent winner of high yield contests in the US. Grows an average of 160 bu/ac on his 5 ac contest field. Highly densely podded soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
12:0
A saturated fatty acid. Can be found in tropical oils such as coconut oil. Consumption is associated with heart disease.
Melting point = 44ºC. |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen-fixing.
They have symbiotic relationships with micro-organisms in root nodules, usually rhizobia species that allow them to use atmospheric nitrogen. This results in lower nitrogen fertilizer costs. Usually major protein sources in human diet, particularly in India, the Middle East, and China. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pulse. Production of lentils in Western Canada boomed between 1990 - 2000, mostly in Saskatchewan and Alberta, due to work by Dr. Al Slinkard. A main protein source in countries where meat is not the primary source of protein. Example: dahl. There are many colours, including red and green. Not the best nitrogen fixer. |
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Term
| Liberty-Link (LL) soybeans |
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Definition
| A type of GMO soybean. Tolerant to Liberty herbicide (glufosinate). |
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Term
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Definition
18:2, cis 9, 12
A polyunsaturated fatty acid. One of the most common vegetable oils. An essential fatty acid.
Melting point = -5ºC. |
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Term
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Definition
18:3, cis 9, 12, 15
A polyunsaturated fatty acid. One of the most common vegetable oils. An essential fatty acid. When New York banned trans fats in 2006, it encouraged plant breeders to dramatically lower linolenic acid contents in oilseeds to decrease polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Melting point = 11ºC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any oil, wax, or fat. Not soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. Will float on water. Lipids in plants: phospholipids, sterols, waxes. Carbon dense; yields large amounts of energy. Ideal storage compounds for seeds. In oilseeds, lipids are 92% - 99% triglycerides storedi n liposomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vacuole filled with triglycerides in an oilseed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of inoculant for soybeans. They needed to design a type of plastic for the bottle that doesn't allow CO2 to escape, but allows O2 in. Includes in-furrow and on-seed applications: 38.0% and 35.6% yield increase, respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene in soybeans created by EMBRAPA which contributed to the boom of soybean expansion in Brazil and Argentina. The plants mature very late, producing higher yields. |
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Term
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) |
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Definition
"Bad cholesterol"
Increased by trans fat consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| 6.2% total saturates: 61.1% oleic acid, 27.1% linoleic acid, 2.1% linolenic acid. |
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Term
| Low-linolenic soybean oil |
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Definition
| 14.9% total saturates: 26.1% oleic acid, 55.4% linoleic acid, 3.0% linolenic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficient or lacking in one or more of the 10 essential amino acids. Digestibility and anti-nutritional factors can also affect protein quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid. Usually one of the first limiting amino acids. Found in soybean meal. |
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Term
| Manganese (Mn) deficiency |
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Definition
| In soybeans it appears as interveinal chlorosis on upper leaves. Mn binds to Roundup, and the efficacy of both is reduced. This is even worse in RR soybeans. They are developing forms of Mn fertilizers that can be mixed with Roundup without this happening. Low Mn soils are usually muck soils with peat. Foliar or in-furrow applications of Mn are a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proudces 25% of Canada's osybeans: 1.3 million acres in 2015. Most are grown east of the ridge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A soybean variety used in the early days of soybeans in Ontario. A good producer, but it split open when it dried out. This trait was eventually bred out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Categories of soybean varieties based on teh day-length in which they thrive. Maturity group zones are latitudinal strips a few hundred miles thick. Moving south, photoperiod decreases and temperature increases. The maturity group map in southern Ontario has bubbles due to climate effect of the Great Lakes. Zones are 000 - X. |
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Term
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Definition
| A high-protein substance left after the oil is extracted from oilseeds. Mostly used as a protein supplement in livestock rations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid containing sulfur. Can form disulphide bridges. Usually one of the first limiting amino acids. Found in soybean meal. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) |
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Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acids with one double bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-leguminous oilseed. |
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Term
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Definition
14:0
A saturated fatty acid.
Melting point = 58ºC |
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Term
| National Agricultural Statistics (NAS) |
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Definition
| Produces real statistics on acreage of soybeans in the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Professor Hume tested Japanese and American soybean varieties here, but a volcanic explosion made the summer minimal. All Pioneer soybeans did not pod. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of tillage. Planting into stubble of the previous year. Modern soybeans are being bred to do well in no-tillage systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage in soybean vegetative development. Can occur as early as VE, but active nitrogen fixation does not normally occur until V2 or V3. |
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Term
| Non-sterile powdered peat |
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Definition
| A type of inoculant for soybeans. 23.2% yield increase. Made by flooding peat with rhizobium. |
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Term
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Definition
A soybean seed company.
Numbering system: S [maturity group] - [designation number] |
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Term
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Definition
| A triglyceride liquid at room temperature. Most plant-based triglycerides are oils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeds from which vegetable oils are extracted. Legumes: soybeans, castor beans, peanuts. Non-legumes: canola, mustard, flax, sunflower. Tropical oils: palm, coconut. Most oilseeds (excepting palm oil) also provide protein meal after oil has been extracted. |
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Term
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Definition
18:0, cis 9
A mono-unsaturated fatty acid.
Melting point = 16ºC. One of the most common vegetable oils. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unsaturated fatty acid where the double bond is on the third bond from the omega end of the chain. Includes alpha-linolenic, eicospentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unsaturated fatty acid where the double bond is on the sixt bond from the omega end of the chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The terminal end of a fatty acid. Nutritionists count carbons from this end. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of information on soybean varieties. Not to be discounted: this can be very useful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most soybeans are grown in the St. Lawrence valley. Produces 60% of Canada's soybeans. |
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Term
| Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association |
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Definition
| County branches perform farmer soybean field trials. |
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Term
| Ontario Soybean and Canola Committee (OSACC) |
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Definition
| Perform Ontario soybean variety trials. Consists of representatives from seed companies, growers, OMAFRA, AAFC, U of G, processors, regulators, and others. Also manages variety registration for Manitoba. There are similar committees in the Maritime provinces and Quebec, but not in Saskatchewan, Alberta, or BC. Establishes standards for registration of new soybean and canola varieties created by plant breeding companies, approved by the CFIA. About 75% of varieties tested get the support of OSACC. |
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Term
| Ontario soybean variety trials |
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Definition
| A source of information on soybean varieties. Conducted by OSACC. Trials are on small plots with uniform soils and very good growing conditions. No information is collected on ease of combining, threshing, or performance across variability in the field. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tropical oilseed. Produces palm oil and palm kernel oil. The world's most produced oilseed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 3% of meal production worldwide: 6.2 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from the palm kernel. Accounts for 3% of oilseed production worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from the fleshy endocarp that surrounds the palm kernel. The oil oilseed that does not produce meal. In terms of tons, more is produced than soy oil worldwide. It can be mixed with other vegetable oils to increase the saturation level of the oil. |
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Term
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Definition
16:0
A saturate fatty acid.
Melting point = 63ºC |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of increasing the saturation of vegetable oils, less expsensive than mixing with palm oil. Hydrogen is added to some of the unsaturated double bonds in fatty acids by bubbling hydrogen gas through heated oil with nickel catalyst. Can result in the transformation of cis double bonds into trans double bonds, producing trans fatty acids. Produces shortening. Used on fats in deep fryers so that the oil lasts longer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leguminous oilseed. Not considered a pulse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 2% of meal production worldwide: 6.2 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 7% of oilseed production worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where soybeans were first grown in Ontario in the 1920s. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bonds between amino acids in polypeptides (proteins). |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in soybeans. Soybeans are short-day plants: they will not flower unless there is appropriate night length (as days draw in). Only northern varieties and early-maturing soybeans lack photoperiod sensitivity. This discovery in 1920 contributed to the popularity of soybeans; it was fundamental in creating commercial cultivars adapted to different latitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major component of all cell membranes. Has 2 long fatty acid chains ("tails") joined by a glycerol molecule to a phosphate group (the "head"). The head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic, causing phospholipids to form bilayers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anti-nutritional factor in soybeans and most cereals. Binds to phosphorus, making it hard to digest. Results in manure high in phosphorus. They are currently developing soybeans, barley, and wheat low in phytic acids. |
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Term
| Phytophthora root rot resistant soybeans |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
A soybean seed company.
Numbering system: P [maturity group] [designation number] |
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Term
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Definition
| From Saskatchewan. Works with Professor Hume. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Early planting gives yield response in most years, but increases risk of frost damage. Rule of thumb: when a grower is done planting corn, continue with soybeans. The optimum date will be earlier the further south you are. Cruiser Maxx can offer some protection of yield when planting early. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean managment. Standard is 1.5" deep, shallower if there is risk of crusting. It is more likely to plant to shallow than too deep. Try to plant into moisture, but if there is a choice between planting in dry soil or waiting for rain, plant in dry soil. There has to be good seed to soil contact for soybeans to take up water: 18 hours after germination plants must have water. Varieties vary in their ability to come up from depths. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a soybean pod is aborted due to weather conditions or other reasons. Critical to yield. Often happens in R4. In R5 seed size can decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are folded polypeptides. |
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Term
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) |
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Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acids with more than one double bond. Susceptible to oxidation: go rancid. Denature quickly in deep fryers. |
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Term
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Definition
| In soybeans it appears as yellow leaves at the bottom of the plant. If severe, it can spread to the topp of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of inoculant for soybeans. Applied to the seed weeks before planting by the seed company. Polymers protect the inoculant, and fungicide and insecticides are added. Makes it easier for a grower to decide on whether to use inoculants: removes the "hassle factor". Dyed a bright colour so that it is easy to distinguish from uninoculated seed. |
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Term
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Definition
A soybean seed company.
Numbering system: PS [maturity group] [designation number] |
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Term
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Definition
| The first level of structure in proteins. The sequence of amino acids in the chain, determined by the order of nucleic acids in the exon of the gene. Held together with covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid where the amino group is also part of the R group, forming a ring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has 4 levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Polypeptides of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Proteins in oilseeds include 7S and 11S globulins, stored primarily in vacuoles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins composed of two or more subunits held together by quaternary structure. Many enzymes are protein complexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the normal configuration of a protein is lost due to changes in its chemical or physical environment: acidity, temperature, high salt concentration, breaking of disulphide bridges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leguminous crops grown primarily for proteins: peas, beans, lentils, lupins, vetches, white beans, coloured beans, chickpeas, faba beans. Peanuts and soybeans are not pulses because they are grown primarily for oil. Canada is a world leader in pulse production, exporting over $3.2 billion in pulse crops in 2014. Canada exports pulses to 120 countries: mostly India (27%), US (13%), China (10%), Turkey (8%), and Bangladesh (8%). Markets vary by product. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth level of structure in proteins. Polypeptides associating into groups of two or more, forming protein complexes. May associate with identical or different subunits. Arises from non-covalent forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces 15% of Canada's soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
Beginning bloom
The first reproductive stage in soybeans. The first appearance of open flowers. Usually occurs during V5 - V7. |
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Term
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Definition
Full bloom
The second reproductive stage in soybeans. Flowering has progressed to the top of the plant. In Essex and Kent counties, this occurs by V6. |
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Term
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Definition
Beginning pod
The third reproductive stage in soybeans. The first pods appear. |
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Term
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Definition
Full pod
The fourth reproductive stage in soybeans. At least one pod 2 cm in length. Pods usually reach full length and width before seed growth. A critical stage: stress at this time can cause pod abortion. |
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Term
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Definition
Beginning seed
The fifth reproductive stage in soybeans. At least one seed has grown to 3 mm. Rate of dry weight accumulation peaks. A critical stage: stress at this time can cause pod size to decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
Full seed
The sixth reproductive stage in soybeans. At least one pod has green seed that fills the pod cavity. Rate of dry weight accumulation begins to slow. Lower leaves begin to turn yellow and drop from the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
Beginning maturity
The seventh reproductive stage in soybeans. At least one pod has reached mature colour. Growth of seeds is complete when the pod has lost all green colour. Rate of dry weight accumulation is near zero. The plant stops growing, but matter may still be transferred to seeds from other parts of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
Full maturity
The eighth reproductive stage in soybeans. 95% of pods have reached maturity. Most leaves have dropped from the plant. Another 7 - 10 days of suitable weather is required after R8, to allow beans to dry and reach ideal moisture content for harvest and storage (14% moisture). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stem-like structures that arise from axillary buds of soybean plants. Develop into flower clusters and pods. |
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Term
| Ready-to-Yield (RY) soybeans |
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Definition
| A type of GMO soybean. A more recent release of Roundup Ready varieties. In soybean variety numbering, RY signifies a Ready-to-Yield soybean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the green colour of a field. Can be used on nitrogen fertilizer applicators so that fertilizer is added only to areas of the field that need it. |
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Term
| Reproductive development of soybeans (R stage) |
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Definition
| Reproductive stages R1 - R8. Racemes develop into pods. Flowering begins at the fifth node, and moves up and down the stem from there. 1/3 of flowers are aborted. 1/3 of young pods are aborted. 1/3 of pods reach maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| How soybeans fix atmospheric nitrogen. This discovery contributed to the popularity of soybeans. By 1905, commercial inoculants were available commercially. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Rotations always perform better when wheat is included in the rotation. Continuous soybean, corn/soybean, winter wheat/soybean, and winter wheat/corn/soybean. |
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Term
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Definition
Glyphosate
An inexpensive herbicide. Many weeds are developing tolerance to it. Roundup Ready, Roundup Ready 2, and Xtend GMO soybeans are tolerant to Roundup. Roundup binds to manganese fertilizers, and the efficacy of both are compromised. |
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Term
| Roundup-Ready (RR) soybeans |
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Definition
| A type of GMO soybean. Tolerant of Roundup. In soybean variety numbering, RR signifies Roundup-Ready soybeans. |
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Term
| Roundup-Ready 2 (RR2) soybeans |
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Definition
| A type of GMO soybean. A more recent release of Roundup-Ready soybeans. The gene for Roundup resistance is on a different location in the genome. In soybean variety numbering, RR2 signifies Roundup-Ready 2 soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Choice may be dictated by location, CHU, and available planters. Older data shows that narrow rows have an advantage, but wider rows are now recommended. Includes 7", 15", 21", and 30" rows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have microflora that can synthesize amino acids, so protein quality is not as critical. Nitrogen sources such as urea can be added to silage to get better performance from cattle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seventh largest producer of dry peas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sailor who first brought soybean seeds to the US from China. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soybeans are still in the experimental stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids with no double bonds. Take up less physical space, crystalize more easily than unsaturated fatty acids. Make more solid fats/oils with higher melting points. In phospholipids, they create rigid, inflexible cell membranes at low temperatures. |
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Term
| Slcerotinia resistant soybeans |
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Definition
| A tyep of GMO soybean. Resistant to sclerotinia, or white mould. |
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Term
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Definition
| A soybean seed company. Has no numbering system, instead seeds are sold by names, such as Equinox R2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second level of protein structure. Regular structures in the chain, held together by hydrogen bonds (non-covalent forces). Includes alpha helices and beta strands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Includes certified seed and bin-run seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Usually aimed at 175,00 plants/ac. Later planting produces higher rates, up to 200,000 plants/ac. You want enough plants to fill the canopy as soon as possible. Seeding rate should be measured by the number of seeds/ac, not by weight; size of seed is taken into account. Only 75% of seeds planted will make it to maturity; a safety factor must be included to the number of seeds planted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of soybean varieties. An intermediary between determinate and indeterminate varieties. Most Chinese soybeans are semi-determinate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A semi-solid lipid made from partial dehydrogenation of fatty acids. Improves the way lipids combine with flour, giving an improved taste and "mouth-feel" to baked goods. Produces flaky pie crust. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constituent of amino acids. The "R" group. Different for each of the 20 amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Driving rain compacts and puddles the soil after planting (especially in silt/clay soils). In soybeans the hypocotyl has difficulty draggin cotyledons through the crust. It is common to break up crust with a rotary hoe, coulter caddy, or even with a planter. |
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Term
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Definition
Glycine max
In the Leguminoseae family. A leguminous oilseed. Not considered a pulse, although they are equally important as a protein source in livestock rations and the human diet as they are as an oil source. Tetraploid, n = 10. Domesticated in China in the Shang Dynasty (3000 years ago), but were used for food long before domestication. Evolved to grow on the bungs of rice paddies. Very good nitrogen fixers; take more nitrogen from the soil than corn. Can tolerate "wet feet" very well. There were attempts to grow it in Europe in the 1700s but it was unsuccessful. In the 1800s soybeans were produced in small amounts in the US for soy sauce and as a forage crop. Samuel Bowen brought the first seeds to North America, and Henry Younge first grew them in 1766. The first soybeans in Ontario were grown on Pelee Island, and near Wallaceburg; early production was limited to Kent and Essex counties. Production in Ontario boomed 1980 - 2000. There are determinate, indeterminate, and semi-determinate soybeans. There are vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Soybeans are either crushing grade or food grade. Sources of information on varieites: Ontario soybean variety trials, company trials, farmer field trials, and on-farm experience. |
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Term
| Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistant soybeans |
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Definition
| A type of GMO soybean. In soybean vareity numbering, S signifies SCN resistant soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominantes the meal market because its amino acid profile complements the weaknesses of corn and wheat in livestock diets. Used mostly in poultry rations, and swine rations. Contains lysine and methionine; high quality protein. Accounts for 68% of meal production worldwide: 177.2 metric tons. 23% of a raw soybean is protein. There are two types of soybean meal: 44% and 48%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures on soybean roots in which B. japonicum bacteria live. |
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Term
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Definition
| 14.9% total saturates: 23.8% oleic acid, 53.3% linoleic acid, 7.5% linolenic acid. There are low-linolenic and ultra-low linolenic soybean oil. Accounts for 59% of oilseed production worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soybean roots are infected with B. japonicum, and a nodule forms around it. The rhizobium bacteria live in the nodule, fixing N2 into N-containing compounds usable by the plant. In return, the plant provides the bacteria with sugars. Reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizers. Inoculants can be used to introduce rhizobium bacteria into the soil. To test if a soil has soybean rhizobia, grow two soybeans indoors so that one is inoculated. If the uninoculated plant is yellow and nitrogen-starved, there is no rhizobia in the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
18:0
A saturated fatty acid.
Melting point = 71ºC |
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Term
| Sterile-carrier powdered peat |
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Definition
| A type of inoculant for soybeans. 30.4% yield increase. Made by first irradiating peat, then flooding it with rhizobium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can come from acid rain, which is a product of pollution from steel plants, such as in Pittsburgh. Since environmental clean-ups at steel plants, there have been more sulfur shortages due to less acid rain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The plant tries to create polypeptides, but when it comes up on a cysteine or methionine (contain sulfur) in the sequence, it won't be able to add the amino acid, so it dismantles the whole polypeptide and starts over. This wastes a lot of energy. Looks a lot like a nitrogen deficiency, but adding nitrogen makes it worse because then the plant attempts to make proteins even faster, wasting even more energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-leguminous oilseed. |
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Term
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Definition
| 10.9% total saturates. 20.4% oleic acid, 68.8% linoleic acid, <0.1% linolenic acid. Accounts for 7% of oilseed production worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 5% of meal production worldwide: 13.7 metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Zone tillage
A type of tillage. Only a strip where the seed will be planted is tilled. Equipment can be used to inject fertilizers under the seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Currently launching aphid-tolerant soybean varieties. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ninth largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third level of structure in proteins. The polypeptide chains fold up on themselves, forming 3D structures. Many proteins are globular, minimizing the surface area to volume ratio. Arise from hydrophobic interactions: non-covalent forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor in soybean management. Includes: conventional tillage, minimum tillage, no-till, and strip-till. |
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Term
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Definition
| Double bonds in trans fatty acids. Do not result in a bend in the chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acids with trans double bonds. Have properties similar to saturated fatty acids. Less desirable nutritionally. Banned in New York in 2006, as well as other cities and states. Associated with heart disease, Alzheimer's diseaes, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and infertility in women. Increases LDL and decreases HDL. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leaves which emerge in soybean vegetative stages after VC. Have three leaflets attached to the stem by a single petiole. Occur in alternating pattern, with one leaf at each node, alternating between opposite sides of the stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main form of lipids in oilseeds. Either a fat or an oil. Consist of a glycerol attached by ester bonds to 3 fatty acids. The OH from the glycerol attaches to the COOH group of the fatty acid, forming a water molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A digestive enzyme in the stomach/rumen. Cleaves peptide bonds in proteins. Inhibited by trypsin inhibitor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anti-nutritional factor in raw soybeans. It inhibits trypsin, causing protein to pass through the animal undigested, reducing animal performance. If soybeans are first heated, it is denatured, removing this effect. This discovery in 1917 contributed to the popularity of soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth largest importer of pulses from Canada (8%). The third largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth largest exporter of dry peas (5%). |
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Term
| Ultra-low-linolenic soybean oil |
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Definition
| 16.1% total saturates: 24.8% oleic acids. 58.2% linoleic acid. 0.8% linolenic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leaves which emerge in VC of soybeans. Two leaves occurring directly opposite to each other on the stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second largest importer of pulses from Canada (13%). The second largest exporter of dry peas (15%). The second largest producer of dry peas. The fifth largest producer of lentils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids with double bonds. Include MUFAs and PUFAs. Double bonds are almost always cis. Take up more physical space, and crystalize less easily than saturated fatty acids. Make more liquid fats/oils with lower melting points. In phospholipids they create more flexible membranes at low temperatures, but are less stable at high temperatures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that breaks urea into CO2 and NH3. Found in raw soybeans. Having both urea and soybeans in cattl rations results in wasten nitrogen as ammonia gas. This problem is solved by heating soybeans to denature urease. |
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Term
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Definition
Cotyledonary stage
The second vegetative stage in soybeans. Cotyledons fold down, and unifoliate leaves expand. |
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Term
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Definition
Emergence
The first vegetative stage in soybeans. Cotyledons emerge from the soil surface. Occurs within one or two weeks of planting, depending on temperature. Soybeans are sensitive to planting depth: recommended is 2.5 - 5.0 cm. Lateral roots begin to form shortly after emergence. Nodule formation can begin this early. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone. Can be saturated or unsaturated. |
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Term
| Vegetative development of soybeans (V stage) |
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Definition
| VE followed by VC. After VC, stages progress V1, V2, V3.. onwards. The number indicates the number of trifoliate leaves that have fully expanded. Leaf stages progress about one every five days, until after V5, after which they arise more quickly: once every 3 days. R1 of reproductive stage usually begins at V5 - V7. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A field which has never grown soybeans before. In North America, there are no indigenous soybean rhizobia bacteria, so it is essential to use inoculant on soil before growing soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| It always improves yield when it is included in rotations with corn or soybeans. It has fine roots, so it improves soil structure. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
Glycine soja
Grows wild in parts of China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and Siberia. It grows on roadsides like a weed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Durring WWII there was a shortage of fats and oils in North America. Soybeans were planted for vegetable oil, and by 1944, 72% of soybeans in the US were harvested for seed rather than forage. WWII contributed to the popularity of soybeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A line of soybeans by DeKalb (also being sold by other companies), which uses the maturity group numbering system (rather than CHU). Resistant to Roundup and Dicamba, allowing pre-plant and in-crop control of Roundup tolerant weeds. Good for giant ragweed and Canada fleabane control. |
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