Vigna angularis

From the Leguminosae family. Used to make an. World production is 1 million T. Major producers are China, Japan, and Korea. Canada produces a small amount, mostly in Ontario. The seed is 1% oil, 25% protein. Moderate shattering.

Carfentrazone-ethyl

A herbicide used in cotton. Also a desiccant.

Pyroxysulfone

A herbicide used in cotton.

An insect pest in cotton and field peas.

For cotton, it is common in the US. Causes chlorosis of the leaves, and stunted shoots. Secrete honeydew. Managed with natural predators such as ladybugs, reflective mulches, and insecticides for heavy infestations.

20:0

A saturated fatty acid.

20:4

An unsaturated fatty acid.

Quizalofop-p-ethyl

The only herbicide registered for in-crop control of grasses in camelina.

Methyl esters of fatty acids

Vegetable oils can be turned into biodiesel by adding methanol and lye (NaOH), and allowing them to react. Fatty acid chains are removed from the glycerol backbone by the lye, and alcohol forms a methyl ester with the fatty acid. Glycerine is produced as a by-product, and is filtered out. Biodiesel is blended with diesel fluel to produce transport fuel. Canola oil is best for making biodiesel. The B2 mandate will increase production of biodiesel.

Boll weevil

The most common insect pest in cotton. Chews holes in bolls, and lays eggs on the leaves. Damages corn and overwinters as a pupae in the soil. Life cycle can be completed in 3 weeks. Managed with chemical treatments. Includes cotton, pink, and Egyptian bollworms.

Brassica juncea

From the Brassicaceae family. World production is less than 10,000 T. It is a new crop. Major producers are Canada and Australia. Canada produce probably 60% of world production, mostly in Saskatchewan. The seed is 44% oil, 20% protein. Does not contain glucosinolates. Shattering is less than in Brassica napus, but is still a problem.

Cruciferaceae family

A family that includes camelina, spring canola, winter canola, mustard, and Brassica juncea canola.

Brassica juncea

A type of mustard. More susceptible to shattering.

Camelina sativa

Flase flax

Gold-of-pleasure

Siberian oilseed

From the Brassicaceae family. Cultivated in northern Europe since the Bronze Age. Viewed as a weed in some places. Seeds were eaten raw or used to produce lamp oil, cooking oil, or medicines. Used as a cooking oil, salad topping, or in margarines. May be fed to livestock to produce omega-3 enriched dairy and poultry products. Cultivation declined in the 1940s to make way for higher-yielding crops during WWII. Grown small-scale in Canada, US (mostly in Montana), Slovenia, and Italy. Canada produces probably 10% of world production, mostly in Alberta, near Montana markets. Use as a food is approved in the US, but not in Canada. A low-input, low-output crop. Seeds are very small: 0.25 - 0.50 the size of canola seeds, oblong-shaped, with a rough surface. World production is less than 10,000 tons. It is a new crop. The seed is 40% oil, and 20% - 25% protein. Low in glucosinolates. Somewhat susceptible to shattering.

Low in saturated fatty acids, high in omega-3 fatty acids. A prime candidate for use as an edible oil. Unstable, and has a short shelf life. Doesn't have good cooking properties.

16.8% oleic, 40% linolenic, 20% linoleic, 12% eicosenoic

A major producer of quinoa, spring canola, mustard, and Brassica juncea canola. The top producer of flax and field peas. The second top producer of lentils.

1500 ac of quinoa were planted in 2013, from NorQuin. Planted 5200 acres in 2015 by 38 different growers. Seed supply is the limiting factor. 

There are about 50,000 ac of camelina. Estimated that Canada could produce 1 - 3 million ac of camelina, but it is currently not classified as a crop. CFIA recently approve the use of camelina in broiler production.

Good for making biodiesel.

61.3% oleic, 21.6 linoleic.

Spring canola is 55% oleic. 3% saturated.

Winter canola is 55% oleic. Low in saturated fatty acids.

Brassica juncea canola is 55% oleic. 3% saturated.

10:0

A saturated fatty acid.

6:0

A saturated fatty acid.

8:0

A saturated fatty acid.

Red seaweed

A vegan gelatin substitute. A thickener.

Cicer arietinum

From the Leguminosae family. World production is 15 million T. Major producers are India, Pakistan, and Turkey. Canada produces 2% of world production, and is the top 5 exporter, mostly from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba. The seed is 2% oil, 25% protein, and contains tannins and lectins. Some shattering and pod drop.

A major producer of white and coloured beans, spring canola, winter canola, flax, sunflowers, peanuts, cotton, and adzuki beans.

The largest consumer, producer, and importer of cotton. Imports cotton for its textile industry.

Cocos nucifera

From the Arecaceae family. A fibrous drupe fruit. Grows close to oceans. Germinates on beaches: two roots emerge from two "eyes", and the shoot emerges from the third. Has an exocarp, coir, copra, and endosperm. Cattle can be grazed underneath the trees once they are well-established. World production is 3.3 million T. Canada produces none. The desiccated copra is 70% oil, 4% protein. The fruit must drop to be harvested.

High in saturate fats. Solid at room temeprature. Useful for mixing with other oils to get vegetable oils to be more solid. More expensive than palm oil: used less for this reason. Used to produce biodiesels in countries where it is produced.

8.4% unsaturated, over 90% saturated

17% myristic, 50% lauric

Mesocarp

Part of a coconut. Fibrous. Used to make doormats, brooms, and mattresses. Coir from immature coconuts is white and can be used to make ropes for ships because it is very tolerant of saltwater.

Endocarp

Part of a coconut. A hard shell. It is crushed to extract oil: it is 62% oil, high compared to other oilseeds. Oil extraction is labour-intensive. Grated copra is used in many dishes.

Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense

From the Malvaceae family. A perennial plant, but it can be grown as an annual. Cotton seeds can travel across oceans by wind. 2.4% of the world's crop land is planted with cotton, but cotton acounts for 24% of world insecticide use, and 11% of world pesticide use. Used to produce clothing, home furnishings, industrial products, cottonseed oil, and cottonseed meal. World production is 22 million T of lint, 17 million T of cottonseed, which produces 5.8 million T of cottonseed oil. Major producers are China, India, USA, and Kazakhstan. The seed is 20% oil, 40% protein.

An important oil globally.

20% palmitic, 35% oleic, 27% saturated, 54% linoleic

Pisum sativum

From the Leguminosae family. World production is 11 million T. Major producers are Canada, France, and Russia. Canada produces 28% of world production, and is the top producer, mostly from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba. The seed is 1% oil, 25% protein. Contains tannins and lectins. Moderate shattering.

Linum usitatissimum

From the Linaceae family. World production is 2 million T. Major producers are Canada, China, and the USA. Canada produces 25% of world production, it is the top producer, mostly from Saskatchewan and Alberta. The seed is 40% oil, 35% protein. Contains mucilage. Resistant to shattering.

A disease in quinoa and cotton.

For quinoa, it is mostly a problem in Western Canada.

For cotton, it is the most common disease that affects cotton. Introduced through infected seed or contaminated equipment. Causes chlorosis and wilting of cotyledons, and stunted growth. Occurs in hot weather. Managed with certified seed, resistant varieties, and soil fumigation.

Used to ammend soil pH in cotton.

Used as a Ca fertilizer in peanuts.

12:0

A saturated fatty acid.

Water-lentils

Duckweed

Lens culinaris

From the Leguminosae family. World production is 5 million T. Major producers are India, Canada, and Australia. Canada produces 30% of world production, second top after India, mostly from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba. The seed is 1% oil, 25% protein, and contains tannins and lectins. Moderate shattering.

18:2

An unsaturated fatty acid.

18:3

An unsaturated fatty acid.

Fibre

An anti-nutritional factor found in flax.

14:0

A saturated fatty acid.

Golden Quinoa
NQ94PT

The most common variety of quinoa in Canada. Developed over 14 years by Northern Quinoa. Registered in 2015. The earliest maturiting and most vigorous variety available. Matures in 105 - 107 days. Has a nutty flavour which is preferred by Canadian consumers. 

Elaeis guineensis

From the Arecaceae family. World production is 160 million T, producing 58 million T of oil. Major producers are Indonesia and Malaysia. Canada produces none. The seed is 80% of oil, 4% protein. The fruit can drop if over-ripe.

18:1

An unsaturated fatty acid.

14% palmitic, 71% oleic, 10% linoleic

82% unsaturated

A major province for production of soybeans, white and coloured beans, winter canola, peanuts, and adzuki beans.

Still in experimental stages for quinoa. Grew 200 ac in 2015. Interest from over 150 growers.

Brassica rapa originated in the Himalayas.

Brassica napus originated in the Mediterranean.

Comes from the endosperm of a palm nut. Similar to coconut oil; similarly high in lauric acid.

49% lauirc, 16% myristic, 13.6% oleic

15.7% unsaturated

45.2% palmitic, 40% oleic

48.5% unsaturated, 50% saturated

16:0

A saturated fatty acid.

16:1

An unsaturated fatty acid.

Arachis hypogaea

From the Leguminosae family. World production is 35 million T. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, and the USA. Canada produces essentially none of world production, mostly out of Ontario. The seed is 50% oil, 30% protein. The pods detach if too dry.

50% oleic, no linolenic

20% saturated

Adzuki beans are planted in soil temperature 15ºC.

Sethoxydim

A herbicide used in cotton, for in-crop control of grasses.

Gossypium barbadense

Egyptian cotton

A new-world cotton. Originated in Peru and Ecuador. Has long, strong fibres, but relatively low yield.

Chenopodium quinoa

Used in South American cuising, or as a millied grain. Increasing in popularity due to its health benefits. A member of the Chenopodiaceae family. Closely related to lamb's quarters.

Glycine max

From the Leguminosae family. 321 million T are produed each year, for 60 million T of soybean oil. Major producers are the US, Brazil, and Argentina. Canada produces 1.5% of world production, mostly from Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and some from Saskatchewan. The seed is 20% oil and 40 - 50% protein. Contains trypsin inhibitor. Moderate shattering.

10% palmiti, 22.3% oleic, 54.5% linoleic

90.8% unsaturated, 15% saturated

Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Brassica juncea

From the Brassicaceae family. World production is 37 million T. Major countries are China, Canada, India, and Germany. Canada produces 17% of wold production, mostly from Saskatchwean, Alberta, and Manitoba. The seed is 17% oil, 20% protein. Does not have glucosinolates. Susceptible to shattering, but some new varieties have increased tolerance.

18:0

A saturated fatty acid.

Helianthus annuus

From the Asteraceae family. World production is 40 million T. Major producers are Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, and China. Canada produces less than 1% of world production, mostly from Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The seed of oilseed sunflowers is 45% oil and 20% protein. Very susceptible to shattering.

An insect pest in quinoa and adzuki beans. It is 6 - 6.5 mm long, with a flat body and a distinct yellow triangle on its back. Has a piercing, sucking mouthpart. Scouting occurs in June as they move into quinoa fields. May have 2 - 5 lifecycles in one season. Typically found near the top of foliage. There is no economic threshold. Controlled with diatomaceous earth.

Identified by OMAFRA in quinoa.

A major producer of quinoa, soybeans, camelina (mostly out of Montana), flax, peanuts, and cotton.

Cotton is grown mostly in Texas and Georgia. The US produces 2,811,000 MT of cotton lint each year. 

Gossypium hirsutum

A new-world cotton. Originated on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. Accounts for 90% of cotton grown. Grown in over 40 countries, tropical and temperate.

Phaseolus vulgaris

From the Leguminosae family. 13 million T are produced each year. Major producers are Brazil, India, and China. Canada produces 1.5% of world produciton, mostly in Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. The seed is 2% oil, 23% protein. Shattering is moderate.

Sclerotinia stem rot

A disease which affects soybeans, white and coloured beans, spring canola, winter canola, mustard, Brassica juncea canola, camelina, sunflowers, peanuts, field peas, lentils, chickpeas, and adzuki beans.

Brassica napus

From the BRassicaceae family. World production is 30 million T. Major producers are the European Union and China. Canada produces less than 1% of world production: 2000 ac total, mostly in Ontario. the seed is 44% oil, 20% protein, and does not contain glucosinolates. Susceptible to shattering, which is aided by birds.

Sinapis alba

A type of mustard. Less susceptible to shattering.

Organic cotton can yield 1300 kg/ha.

Conventional cotton can yield 1500 kg/ha.