Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract, usually due to infection. |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of acute bronchitis |
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Definition
| persistent cough following an URI; production of clear, mucoid sputum (some purulent sputum); fever, HA, malaise, and SOB on exertion. Either normal breath sounds or ronchi and expiratory wheeze. |
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Term
| Treatment of acute bronchitis |
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Definition
| supportive, including fluids, rest, and antiinflammatory drugs. Not usually antibiotics unless it doesnt go away. Cough suppressants and bronchodilators may be prescribed for symptomatic treatment of nocturnal cough or wheezing. |
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Term
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Definition
| an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial organism. More likely to occur when defense mechanisms become incompetent or are overwhelmed by the virulence or quantity of infectious agents. |
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Term
| community acquired pneumonia |
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Definition
| lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization. |
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Term
| Hospital acquired pneumonia |
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Definition
| pneumonia occuring 48 hours or longer after hospitalization admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization. |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Pneumonia |
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Definition
| Sudden onset, fever, shaking chills, SOB, cough productive purulent sputum (rust colored sputum can be seen in pneumococcal) and pleuritic chest pain (in some cases). |
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Term
| pleurisy (may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| inflammation of the pleura |
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Term
| Pleural effusion (may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| transudate fluid in the pleural space |
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Term
| Atelectasis(may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| collapsed, airless alveoli |
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Term
| Pleural effusion (may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| transudate fluid in the pleural space |
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Term
| Bacteremia (may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| bacterial infection in the blood |
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Term
| Empyema (may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| accumulation of purulent exudate in pleural cavity |
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Term
| Pericarditis(may be a complication in pneumonia) |
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Definition
| results from spread of the infecting organism from an infected pleura or via a hematogenous route to the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Usually involves the lungs, but it also occurs in the larynx, kidneys, bones, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and meninges and can be disseminated throughout the body.Usually spread from person to person in airborne droplets. |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of active TB disease |
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Definition
| fatigue, malaise, anorexia, unexplained weight loss, low-grade fevers, and night sweats. Cough that becomes frequent and produces white, frothy sputum. Sometimes more acute, sudden symptoms high fever, chills, generalized flu like symptoms, pleuritic pain, and a productive cough. |
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Term
| see if the pt has ever been exposed to someone with TB, assess for productive cough, night sweats, afternoon temperature elevation, weight loss, pleuritic chest pain, and crackles over the apices of the lungs |
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Definition
| In the assessment of a pt with TB the nurse should... |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary disease that closely resembles TB may be caused by atypical acid-fast... |
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Term
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Definition
| a pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that gives rise to a cavity; most common symptom is a cough. Also fever, chills, prostration, pleuritic pain, dyspnea, cough, and weight loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| general term for a group of lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of dust particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from exposures to toxic chemical fumes; acutely, there is a diffuse lung injury characterized by pulmonary edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severly high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels. May result in either an open or closed pneumothorax. Medical emergency with both respiratory and circulatory systems affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of blood in the intrapleural space; frequently found in association with open pneumothorax and called hemopneumothorax. |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphatic fluid in the pleural space due to a leak in the thoracic duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly affect ribs 5-10 (not as protected by chest muscles) Main goal is decrease pain and prevent from atelectasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from multiple rib fractures, causing an unstable chest wall. Initial therapy consists of airway management, adequate ventilation, supplemental oxygen therapy, careful administration of IV solutions and pain control. |
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Term
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Definition
| purpose is to remove air and fluid from the pleural space and to restore normal intrapleural pressure so that the lungs can reexpand. |
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Term
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Definition
| purulent pleural fluid, which may be associated with lung abscesses or pneumonia. |
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Term
| first compartment of a pleural drainage system` (COLLECTION chamber) |
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Definition
| receives fluid and air from the chest cavity. The fluid drains from the 6 fot connecting tube into this collection chamber (holds 2000 mL) Fluid stays in here while air vents to the 2nd compartment. |
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Term
| Second compartment of a pleural drainage system (WATER-SEAL chamber) |
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Definition
| contains 2 cm of water, which acts as a one way valve. The incoming air enters through the collection chamber and bubbles up through the water; intital bubbling of air is seen in this chamber when a pneumothorax is evacuated; intermittent bubbling can be seen when exhaling, coughing, sneezing... you will tidaling (reflections of pressure) if not seen than the lungs have reexpanded or there is a kink or obstruction in tubing. Air exits this chamber and enters the suction control chamber. |
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Term
| Third compartment of pleural drainage system (SUCTION CONTROL chamber) |
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Definition
| applies controlled suction to the chest drainage system; classic suction control chamber uses a column of water with the top end vented to the atmosphere to control the amount of suction from the wall regulator. (20 cm of water typically) As a result, excess pressure is relieved. Can be water or dry system. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a rubber flutter one-way valve within a rigid plastic tube. It is attached to the external end of the chest tube. The valve opens whenever the pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and closes when the reverse occurs. (functions like a water seal) Used in emergency situations mostly. |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical opening into the thoracic cavity; major surgery because of cutting into bone, muscle, and cartilage. Two types: median sternotomy (Splitting the sternum) and a lateral. |
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Term
| restrictive respiratory disorders |
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Definition
| characterized by restriction in lung volume caused by decreased compliance of the lungs or chest wall |
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Term
| obstructive lung disorders |
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Definition
| characterized by increased resistance to airflow. |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of fluid in the pleural space; sign of serious disease. |
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Term
| transudative pleural effusions (hydrothoraces) |
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Definition
| occur primarily in noninflammatory conditions and is an accumulation of protein-poor, cell-poor fluid. Caused by (1) increased hydrostatic pressure found HF or (2) decreased oncotic pressure from hypoalbuminemia found in chronic liver or renal disease. Fluid contains low/no protein and is clear or pale yellow. |
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Term
| exudative pleural effusions |
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Definition
| accumulation of fluid and cells in an area of inflammation. Results from increased capillary permeability characteristic of inflammatory reaction. Occurs secondary to conditions such as pulmonary malignancies, pulmonary infections, pulmonary embolization, and GI disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| pleural effusion that contains pus; caused by pneumonia, TB, lung abscess, and infection of surgical wounds of the chest. |
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Term
| clinical manifestations of pleural effusion |
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Definition
| progressive dyspnea, decreased movement of the chest wall on affected side. Dullness to percussion and absent or decreased breath sounds over the affected area. |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the pleura; most common causes are pneumonia, TB, chest trauma, pulmonary infarctions, and neoplasms. Pain typically abrupt and sharp and aggravated by inspiration, breathing is shallow and rapid; pleural friction rub; treat underlying cause and provide pain relief; turn patient on affected side. |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of the lungs characterized by collapsed airless alveoli. Most common cause is airway obstruction that results from retained exudaates and secretions. Seen mostly in postoperative or immobile patient. Deep breathing important. |
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Term
| Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) or diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. |
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Definition
| many acute and chronic lung disorders with variable degrees of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are collectively referred to as... |
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Term
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) |
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Definition
| characterized by scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs as a sequela to inflammation or irritation; common risk factors: environmental/occupational inhaltion of organic and inorganic substances; cigarette smoking history; chronic aspiration. Clinical manifestations: exertional dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and inspirational crackles with or without clubbing. Definitive diagnosis by a high resolution CT scan. |
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Term
| Treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) |
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Definition
| Treatment includes: corticosteriods, cytotoxic agents (azathioprine [Imuran], cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan[) and antifibrotic agents (colchicine) Prognosis is poor; usually 5 year survival rate of 30% to 50% after diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic, multisystem granulomatous disease unknown cause that primarily affects the lungs. May also involve skin, eyes, liver, kidney, heart, and lymph nodes. Marked pulmonary fibrosis can be present with severe restrictive lung disease. Corticosteriods are commmonly used to treat this disease. And disease progression is monitored by pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray, and CT scan. |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs. it is a complication of various heart and lung diseases; considered a medical emergency. Interferes with gas exchange by causing an alteration in the diffusing pathway between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Most common cause is left sided HF. Can also be interstitial edema, alveolar edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat, air embolus, or tumor tissue. Clinical Manifestations: generally subtle; making diagnosis difficult. Classic triad of symptoms of dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Most common symptoms: are anxiety and sudden onset of unexplained dyspnea, tachypnea, or tachycardia. |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated pulmonary pressures resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow. The disease commonly presents SOB and fatigue. |
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Term
| primary pulmonary hypertension |
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Definition
| severe and progressive disease; characterized by mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 26 mmHg at rest (normal is 12-16 mmHg) or greater than 30 mmHg with exercise in abscence of a demonstratable cause.Flolan used as treatment. Etiology unknown. Classic symptoms are dyspnea on exertion; fatigue; pain, dizziness, and exertional syncope. |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to disease of the lung, thorax, or pulmonary circulation. Most common cause is COPD (can be caused by any respiratory disorder) Manifestations: dyspnea, chronic productive cough, wheezing respirations, retrosternal or substernal pain, and fatigue. Long-term low flow oxygen therapy to correct hypoxemia and reduce vasoconstriction; correct fluid and electrolyte balance; diuretics and low sodium diet may be necessary to help decrease the plasma volume and the load on the heart. |
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