Reproduction

Binary Fission

1.) Cell replicates DNA

2.) Cytoplasmic membrane elongates; DNA seperates

3.) Crosswalls form; membrane invaginates

4.) Cross walls form completely

4.)Daughter cell may replicate.

Subset of binary fission

-crosswalls dont form properly

-only happens for gram positive bacillus rod

-form v shape of palisade

1.) Nucleiod replicates

2.)New nucleiod moves into bud

3.) Young bud forms

4.) Daughter cells

-Stiff spiral. Bacteria is actually spiral shaped

[image]

-often lack cell wall

-mishapen

-cocci arrangements

-group of two

-cocci arrangement

-long chain

-cocci arrangements

-group of four square

-cocci arrangement

-cube 3-demensional

-cocci arrangement

-great cluster

External sructure made of polysacccharide and proteins (sticky)

Functions:

1.) Works to prevent dessications(drying out)

2.) Works to provide ultraviolet protection(sunscreen)

3.) Allows cell to cell or cell tp surface adherance

4.) sequesters nutrients

-type of glycocalyx

"like camoflague"

-solid,complete,sugar coating

-helps bacteria elude immune system

-type of glycocalyx

-loose diffuse layer

-this, mucousy

-biofilm formation-permanantly attaches bacteria to surface

-external structure of prokaryotes

Function:

Propel bacteria forward by reversible rotation

Clockwise:Tumbles

Counterclockwise: Runs

Positive: more runs then tumbles

Negative: more tumbles,fewer runs

Flagella

3 parts

1.) Filament: long whip like structures; made of protein called flagellin

2.) Hook: Intermediate portion; connection of filament and basal body

3.) basal Body: Anchor; made up of rod and disks in cell wall

Gram positive=2 disks

Gram negative=4 protein disks

-numerous, cover outside of cell

-provide slight movement(they twitch)

-aide in attachment(sick very easily-make initial attachment)

-forn a bridge that connects two bacteria cells together. Allows for genetic information transfer

Plasmid: shared genetic info

Cell Envelope

2 basic layers

1.) Cell wall: very few do not have

2.) cell Membrane: every bacteria/cell has one.

-cell wall

-sugar backbone

-strong but flexible

-prevents lysis

-maintains shape

Prokaryotic cell wall

Gram Postive

1.)Very thick peptidoglycan layer

2.) Contains Techoic acid(gives negative charge and offers support)

3.) Lipoteichoic acid: attach cell wall to membrane

4.) has tetrapeptide bridge and glycan linkage

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

Gram negative

-thin layer of peptidoglycan layer between two cell membranes

-LPS outside membrane;gives negative charge;contains antigen o and lipid a

-Periplasmic space contains enzymes

Gram + /Gram - staining

Crystal Voilet Dye

1.)-attaches to the negative charge of the gram positive and negative; dye is positively charged

-Gram positive attaches to teichoric acid

-Gram negative attaches to LPS

2.) Gram Iodine: Mordant "cement" together. Helps anchor dye.

3.) Alcohol: Keeps purple dye in positive, gram negative becomes colorless

4.) Safrinin: counterstain. reddish/pink dye added to gram -: red/pink. Gram postive:remains purple

-Differential stain to distinguish between 2 gram positive

-Composed of Mycolic acid(acid fast)

1.)Carbol Fuchsin: Primary dye (stains both acid fast and non acid fast)

Hot Pink

2.) Decolorize with acid: Differential step. Acid fast-hot pink. Nonacid fast- colorless.

3.) Methylene blue/green: Counterstain- blue or green non acid fast

-stabalizes bacteria that lack a cell wall.

-prevents cell membrane from becoming to fluid under high temps

-prevents membrane from becomming rigid when temps are cold

Pleomorphic: variety of shapes

ex.) Mycoplasm-walking pneumonia

Diffusion

-High concentration to low concentration

-does not use atp

-Uses integral proteins.

>Channel proteins:only open to specific molecules

>Carrier Proteins: allow anything based on size and shape

*high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

-movement of water

Isotonic: same water and particles

Hypertonic: Less H2O more particles

Hypotonic: more H2O less particles

Active Transport

Modified Carrier Proteins

Uniport: one molecule to come through in one direction

Antiport: 2 molecules in seperate directions

Symport: moves 2 molecules in same direction

Cytoplasm: Gelatinous semi transparent elastic aqueous solution

-cytosol

-inclusions

-dna

-plasmids

-endospores

-cytoskeleton

-ribosomes

Cytosol

in cytoplasm

-composed mostly of water

-contains: ions, carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, lipids, and waste

Inclusions

in cytoplasm

-storage unit= stores excess nutrients and gas

-holds things for bacteria cells

-PHB: lipid polymer-similiar to plastic but biodegradeable

-Glycan: glycogen polymer-stores sugars

located in nucleoid

-does not have lipid bilayer

EXTRA PIECE OF PROKARYOTIC DNA

-mostly in bacteria cells

-part of cytoplasma

-provides antibiotic resistance(makes bacteria virulent)

Cytoskeleton

-part of cytoplasma

-forms cells basic shape

-made of actin

-helps cell divide during binary fission

Ribosome

produce proteins

-DNA---->MRNA---->Protein

                               ^              ^

                       transcription    Translation

Size: 70S

Large subunit: 50S

Small subunit: 30S

-bacteria collection of microorganisms that grow together and have a symbiotic relationship

-discovered by: Leeuwenhoeke

- contains bacteria that causes disease and infection

-living tissue

-medical devices

-industrial water

-natural water systems

-anywhere that is moist